NOTES. 371 
43 “Nothing is more curious and entertaining than to watch the neatness 
and accuracy with which this process is performed. One may see the reject- 
ed bits of food passing rapidly along the lines upon which these pedicellariz 
occur in greatest number, as if they were so many little roads for the con- 
veying away of the refuse matters; nor do the forks cease from their labor 
till the surface of the animal is completely clean and free from any foreign 
substance.’’—AGAssiz’s Sea-side Studies. 
44 In the larva of the Bee, the anal orifice is wanting. 
4 The length of the canal in Insects is not so indicative of the habits as in 
Mammals. Thus, it is nearly as long and more complicated in the carnivo- 
rous Beetles than in the honey-sipping Butterflies. 
4° The object of this is unknown. It does not occur in the Oyster. 
#7 In the Nautilus, this is preceded by a capacious crop. 
#8 In the Shark, this is impossible, owing to a great number of fringes in 
the gullet hanging down toward the stomach. 
#° At the beginning of the large intestine in the Lizards (and in many Ver- 
tebrates above them, especially the vegetarian orders), there is a blind sac, 
called cecum. The worm-like appendage to the cecum is almost peculiar 
to Man and the Apes. 
5° The Crocodile is said to swallow stones sometimes, like Birds, to aiu 
the gastric mill. 
51 In the crop of the common Fowl, vegetable food is detained sixteen 
hours, or twice as long as animal food. The Dormouse, among Mammals, 
has an approach to a crop. 
52 Tn Mollusks, the gizzard, when present, is situated between the crop 
and the true stomach; in Birds, it comes after the stomach. 
53 The fourth stomach of Ruminants is the largest so long as the animal 
sucks. 
54 The Tape-worm has no digestive apparatus, and ‘ flesh which is decom- 
posed by decay into a semi-fluid mass is absorbed by the sponge-like bodies 
of certain animals which live in stagnant pools’? (CLARK); but these are not 
real exceptions to the rule. In both cases, transmutation goes before ab- 
sorption. 
*° As starch is a vegetable product, we would look for the most abundant 
saliva in those mammals that feed on herbs and grain; and such is the fact. 
Moreover, as sugar is heat-producing, in cold-blooded Reptiles, Fishes, 
Mollusks, and other like carnivores, a fluid to convert starch into sugar 
would be out of place. 
56 These substances are only dissolved and chemically modified (being 
converted into what are termed peptones), not ‘‘ organized”? or ‘‘ vitalized.”’ 
57 Tt is probable that the digestive part of the alimentary canal in all ani- 
mals manifests a similar mechanical movement. It is most remarkable in 
the gizzard of a fowl, which corresponds to the pyloric end of the human 
stomach. This muscular organ, supplying the want of a masticatory appa- 
ratus in the head, is powerful enough to pulverize, not only grain, but even 
pieces of glass and metal. This is done by two hard muscles moving ob- 
liquely upon each other, aided by gravel purposely swallowed by the bird. 
The grinding may be heard by means of the stethoscope. 
