3872 NOTES. 
58 Chyle is opaque in carnivores; more or less transparent in all other 
Vertebrates, as in Birds, since the food does not contain fatty matter. 
59 Tn Fishes, the villi are few or wanting. In Man, they number about 
10,000 to the square inch. . 
60 Except, probably, the brain, spinal-marrow, bones, tendons, ligaments, 
epidermis, ete. 
6t The lacteals also carry lymph when the intestine is empty and they 
have nothing else to do. 
62 The phenomenon produced by these properties conjointly, capillary at- 
traction and diffusion, is called endosmosis. 
63 The blood is colorless also in the muscular part ofall Fishes. That of 
Birds is of the deepest red. The coloring matter of the red blood in Worms 
is not in the corpuscles, but in the plasma. 
64 Coagulation in the living body is mainly prevented by being kept in 
constant motion. It may be artificially arrested by common salt. Arterial 
blood coagulates more rapidly than venous. The disposition of the red cor- 
puscles in chains, or rowleaux, does not occur within the blood-vessels. The 
cause has not been discovered. 
65 The corpuscles of Invertebrates are usually colorless, even when the 
plood is tinged. It should be observed that those animals whose blood 
resembles chyle or lymph haye no lacteals or lymphatics. 
66 Except during foetal life. The corpuscles of the Camel are non-nucle- 
ated, as in other Mammals.—If the transparent fluid from a boil be exam- 
ined with a microscope, it will be seen to be almost composed of colorless 
corpuscles, showing their use in repairing injuries. 
67 There are no valves in the veins of Fishes, Reptiles, and Whales, and 
few in Birds. 
68 Capillaries are wanting in the epidermis, nails, hair, teeth, and carti- 
lages. Hence, the epidermis, for example, when worn out by use, is not 
removed by the blood, like other tissues, but is shed. 
69 A part of the blood, however, in going from the capillaries to the heart, 
is turned aside and made to pass through the liver and kidneys for purifica- 
tion. This is called the portal circulation, and exists in all Vertebrates, ex- 
cept that in Birds and Mammals it is confined to the liver. 
70 Two in the higher Mammals, three in the lower Mammals, Birds, and 
Reptiles. They are called venc cave. 
71 Tricuspid in Mammals, triangular in Birds. 
72 The pulse of a Hen is 140; of a Cat, 110 to 120; of a Dog, 90 to 100; and 
of an Ox, 25 to 42. 
73 The bivalve Brachiopods, haying no gills, breathe by delicate arms about 
the mouth, or by the ‘‘ mantle.” 
74 The air-bladder, found in most Fishes, is another rudiment of a lung, 
although it is used, not for respiration, but for altering the specific gravity 
of the Fish. In the Gar-pike of our Northern lakes, it very closely resem- 
bles a lung, having a cellular structure, a tracheal tube, and a glottis. The 
gills represent lungs only in function; they are totally distinct parts of the 
organism. (See Huxley, ‘‘ Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,”’ p. 92.) 
78 Well seen in Tadpoles, or young of the Frog. 
