NOTES. 383 
202 For the best account of the Elephant, see Tennant’s ‘‘ Ceylon.” 
203 The forefeet of the Tapir have four toes, but one does not touch the 
ground. 
204 The extinct Horse (Hipparion) had three toes, two small hoofs dan- 
gling behind. The foot of the Horse is of wonderful structure. The bones 
are constructed and placed with a view to speed, lightness, and strength, 
and bound together by ligaments of marvelous tenacity. There are elastic 
pads and cartilages to prevent jarring; and all the parts are covered by a 
living membrane which is exquisitely sensitive, and endows the foot with 
the sense of touch, without which the animal could not be sure-footed. The 
hoof itself is a world of wonders, being made of parallel fibres, each a tube 
composed of thousands of minute cells, the tubular form giving strength. 
There are three parts, ‘‘ wall,” ‘‘sole,” and ‘‘frog’’—the triangular, elastic 
piece in the middle, which acts as a cushion to prevent concussion and also 
slipping. 
205 The American Peccary has three toes on the hind foot. 
206 The Camel and Llama are exceptional, having two upper incisors and 
canines, are not strictly cloven-footed, and are hornless. 
*°7 The Hyena alone of the Carnivores has only four toes on all the limbs, 
and the Dog has four hind toes.—The Lion is the king of beasts in majesty, 
but not in strength. Five men can easily hold down a Lion, while it re- 
quires nine to control a Tiger. 
*08 The old term Quadrumana is rejected because it misleads, for Apes, as 
well as Men, have two feet and two hands. There is as much anatomical 
difference between the feet and hands of an Ape as between the feet and 
hands of Man. Owen, however, with Cuvier, considers the Apes truly ‘‘ four- 
handed.”’ 
209 The eye- orbits of the Lemurs are open behind. The Flying Lemur 
( Galeopithecus) is considered an Insectivore. 
210 The little Marmosets are not typical Monkeys, having a non-prehensile 
tail and only 32 teeth. 
211 Tt fails to cover in the Howling Monkey and Siamang Gibbon; but in 
the Squirrel Monkey it more than covers, overlapping more than in Man. 
As to the conyolutions, there is every grade from the almost smooth brain 
of the Marmoset to that of the Chimpanzee or Orang, which falls but little 
below Man’s. 
212 The tailed Apes of the Old World have longer legs than arms, and gen- 
erally have ‘cheek-pouches,”’? which serve as pockets for the temporary 
stowage of food. 
213 Tn the human infant, the sole naturally turns inward; and the arms 
of the embryo are longer than the legs. 
214 The Aye-aye, the lowest of the Lemurs, is remarkable for the large pro- 
portion of the cranium to the face. 
215 This feature was shared by the extinct Anoplotherium, and now to some 
extent by one of the Lemurs ( 7ursius). 
216 We have treated Man zoologically only. His place in Nature is a wider 
question than his position in Zoology; but it involves metaphysical and psy- 
chological considerations, which do not belong here. 
