152 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG. 
1. CARDIUM ECHINATUM, Linnaeus. Tab. XIV, fig. 3 a—é. 
Bonanni. Recr. Ment. et Ocul., fig. 90, 1684. 
Lister. Hist. Conch., lib. iii, fig. 161, 1687. 
Dale. Hist. and Antiq. of Harwich, p. 292, t. xii, fig. 6, 1730. 
Carpium EcuinatuM. Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, No. 79, p. 1122, 1767. 
— — Dacosta. Brit. Conch., p. 176, t. xiv, fig. 2, 1778. 
— — Miller. Zool. Danica, t. xiii, figs. 1 and 2, and t. xiv, figs. 1—4. 
—_ Donovan. Brit. Shells, t. 107, fig. 1, 1802. 
“= — Chemn. Conch. Cab., vol. vi, p. 165, t. xv, fig. 158. 
— — Brown. Must. Brit. Conch., pl. xxi, fig. 6, 1827. 
— — ? Basterot. Bord. Foss., p. 82, 1825. 
— — Phil. En. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 49, and vol. ii, p. 37. 
— — Forbes. Aigean Invert. Rep., Brit. Assoc., p. 180, 1843. 
_— — Lovén. Ind. Moll. Seand., p. 35, 1846. 
— Alder. Catal. Moll. North. and Durh., p. 83, 1847. 
— _— Forbes and Hanley. Hist. Brit. Moll., vol. ii, p. 7, pl. xxxiii, fig. 2, 
and pl. n, fig. 3, 1849. 
— mMucRONATUM. Poli. ‘Test. Sicil., vol. i, p. 60, pl. xvii, figs. 4, 5, 1792. 
—  spinosuM. Sowerby. Brit. Miscel., t. xxxii. 
Encyc. Method., t. 298, fig. 3. 
Spec. Char. Testa orbiculato-cordatd, converd, sub-equilaterali ; antice rotundatd, 
posticé sub-quadrata ; costis 19—20 convewis, papilliferis, interstitiis concentricé striatis. 
Shell orbicularly heart-shaped, convex, slightly inequilateral, anterior side rounded, 
posterior angular, or sub-quadrate ; ribs 19—20, rounded and papilliform, interstices 
marked by concentric striz. 
Diameter, 134 inch. 
Localities. Red Crag, Sutton. 
Uddevalla. 
Recent, Aigean, Mediterranean, Britain, Scandinavia. 
A very few specimens only of this shell have as yet come under my observation, 
and those are such as have not the spines or tubercular ornaments of the ribs in a 
perfect condition. 
The hinge is furnished with strong and prominent teeth, those called lateral are 
nearly equidistant from the umbo, and there isa somewhat broad and prominent fulcrum 
for the support of the ligament; the posterior side is truncated or angular; the bend 
which is at the posterior lateral tooth forms an angle of about 100°, and the lines of the 
ribs are distinctly visible in the interior. Upon the younger portion of the shell the 
tubercles are generally gone, and in the fossil that part has lost the outer portion of 
the shell, consequently its ornament. The spaces between the ribs, which are broad 
and flat, are nearly as wide as the ribs themselves; they are covered with ridges or 
elevated lines of growth at nearly regular distances. 
The figure by Dale is, I presume, of a specimen of this species, more especially as 
he refers to Lister’s representation of C. echinatum, and although in my researches 
