70 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XI, 



LIFE-HISTORY AND HABITS. 



The aGults first appear on the wing about the middle of 

 May, the first specimen in the rearing-boxes emerging from the 

 pupal skin on May 15, the great majority appearing on May 21 

 and 24. Without food, they do not live longer than five to six 

 days, but in the breeding-cages when they were supplied with food 

 in the shape of sugar solution, they lived as long as 7 to 9 days. 

 In the field, the adults were found on the wing for a period 

 extending over three weeks. May 17-June7. Soon after emergence 

 the adults begin to copulate, and one male may perform the 

 act of coition with more than one female. 



Copulation. — The first individuals were observed to be cop- 

 ulating in the rearing boxes on May 22. The act is undertaken 

 by the sexes apposing their abdomens end to end, the claspers 

 of the genitalia of both interlocking. The head of the female is 

 oriented in the direction diametrically opposed to that of the 

 male which remains suspended with his head towards the 

 ground. When copulation occurs between individuals resting 

 on a vertical surface, such as the walls of the rearing-box, the 

 female is invariably superior in position to the male. In both 

 cases the sexes have all their legs applied to the supporting 

 surface. Sometimes copulation was observed to be taking place 

 among individuals on the inside of the roof of the rearing-cage. 

 Here, only the female at times would be resting on the roof with 

 the male suspended head downwards, its body at an angle of 

 90° with that of the female and its legs unsupported. The act 

 of copulation is not always interrupted when the sexes are dis- 

 turbed, but the female may walk off dragging the male after her, or 

 flight may be actually undertaken with the female transporting 

 the male. Pairs in copula were frequently transferred from one 

 rearing cage to another without the union being broken. 



In the field, the behavior during copulation was similar to 

 that observed among the sexes in the rearing-cages. Here the 

 act was generally undertaken in the deep shade of the large 

 leaves of the food-plant, Trautvetteria grandis, the sexes resting 

 on the under-surfaces of the leaves, or on the stems. When 

 disturbed, the females took to flight, bearing the males with 

 them undisturbed. 



No exact records were kept of the time that the sexes 

 remain in copula. It varies considerably, however, and gen- 



