74 Annals Entomological Society oj America [Vol. XI, 



straining forward in an endeavor to liberate itself. As soon as 

 success attended its efforts, it buried its mandibles in the 

 leaf-tissue and commenced feeding. 



The anterior extremity of the egg is proximal to the leaf- 

 margin. The chorion splits longitudinally along the mid-dorsal 

 line, the aperture extending almost half the length of the egg. 

 In emerging, the grayish-white larva, almost transparent, avails 

 itself of its tubercles in disengaging itself from the egg-case. In 

 that they are posteriorly directed, their function in assisting the 

 larva to liberate itself from the egg, is at once apparent. 



When the larva has succeeded in emerging, the aperture in 

 the chorion has assumed an ellipsoidal shape. The empty egg- 

 case remains in the slit originally made by the ovipositor of the 

 adult, and on no occasion was the larva observed to devour it. 



Larval Habits. — The first-stage larvae (July 7) are semi- 

 translucent, grayish-white, and measure 1.19 mm. long by 0.37 

 mm. broad. The alimentary canal by reason of its contents, is 

 yellowish-green or sometimes reddish-brown, and the head is 

 black. The larvae feed on both the upper and lower surfaces of 

 the leaf, embedding their mandibles through the epiderm and 

 eating the parenchyma inside. Whether working on the upper 

 or lower surfaces, the first-stage larvae rarely disturb the 

 epiderm of the surface other than that on which they are 

 feeding. Their activities are later accentuated by the parts 

 which are eaten, turning a brownish-black, shrivelling and 

 dying. 



The young larvae are very sluggish and not readily disturbed 

 when feeding. The mandibles are very firmly embedded in the 

 leaf-tissue. Gentle exhortation with a camel-hair brush will not 

 serve to induce them to loosen their hold. They assume various 

 attitudes. Usually they lie horizontally on the surface of the 

 leaf, but often the only part of their bodies in contact with the 

 leaf, is the head and mandibles. In the latter case, the rest of the 

 body is elevated at varying angles to the leaf-surface. Sometimes 

 the larva may literally stand on its head with the abdomen erect 

 and vertical. Again, it may assume a looped position where the 

 abdomen is recurved dorsally, and its extremity comes to rest in 

 close proximity with and anterior to the head, like an inverted 

 U, the arms of which are almost closed. 



Often they drop voluntarily from the leaves to the 'ground. 

 It is supposed that many never regain their original positions 



