1918] PupcE of Common SphingidcB 405 



pointed at the distal end and in many instances slightly bifur- 

 cate. It never bears hooks or spines, excepting in the genus 

 Hasmorrhagia where the larvae spin cocoons. Then a few slender 

 hooks along the lateral margin and at the distal end of the 

 cremaster hold the pupa in position in its cocoon. 



The metathorax often bears some distinguishing character, 

 such as prominent furrows, or roughened areas of various 

 shapes, which seem to be characteristic in the different groups. 

 The antennae are slender and pointed at the distal end, the 

 length usually at least ten times the breadth. In the subfamily 

 Ambulicin^ the antennae are considerably broader and differ 

 markedly in the sexes, approaching somewhat the condition 

 found in the Saturniidae. They generally bear rows of minute 

 tubercles arranged in various ways. The suture between the 

 antenna and the epicranial area is always clearly defined. 

 Owing to the fact that the antennae are so slender, both eye- 

 pieces are always to be clearly distinguished. The glazed eye- 

 piece does not always form a smooth band around the entire 

 mesal margin of the sculptured eye-piece, but on the contrary, 

 in many species forms an arc or crescent-shaped piece which 

 reaches neither the antennae nor the caudal margin of the head. 

 The invaginations for the anterior arms of the tentorium are 

 hard to determine. 



The maxillae reach the greatest development in the Lepidop- 

 tera in certain of the species of this family. Here the length of 

 the maxillae in the pupae often greatly exceeds the length of the 

 wings, in some instances being twice their length. This elonga- 

 tion of the maxillary tube is used by the adults in reaching the 

 nectaries at the bottom of long tubular flowers. In most 

 lepidopterous forms in which the maxillae are longer than the 

 wings of the pupa, the remainder can not be soldered down to 

 the body surface on account of the movable abdominal seg- 

 ments, so this part usually extends free along the meson of the 

 ventral surface of the body. In a number of species the maxillae 

 extend for some distance beyond the caudal end of the body. 

 This would probably result in serious injury to the sphingid 

 pupa, as all of the forms in which the maxillae are longer than 

 the wings pupate in the soil. The Sphingidae have provided for 

 the extra length of the maxillas in three different ways, and as 

 far as my knowledge goes, two of these are peculiar to the 

 pupae of this family. In some of the genera, as Deidamia 



