﻿458 Scott: A Study of Pasture Trees and Shrubbery 



straightening is used by the other forms studied as well as by those 

 oaks in which the grazing has been less severe. In Fig. io is 

 shown a longitudinal section through the axis of an oak which 

 has been subjected to severe browsing, but in which no head had 

 been formed. 



In walking through the pastures in which elms are common 

 it is noted that almost all of the trees are 30-80 cm. in height. 



This is in many cases due to the fact that these trees com- 

 monly grow in the midst of sedges and reach about the height 

 of the sedges before they are noticed by the cattle. They usually 

 reach this height in two or three years and after this are not per- 

 mitted to increase. Finally the upper portion of the stem dies 

 from the continued cropping and a new shoot appears lower down 

 on the axis or even from the roots and, under the protection of the 

 dead or dying top, soon reaches the height of the latter when it 

 in turn is subjected to severe browsing. There first results a form 

 somewhat resembling that assumed by the oaks, a single stem 

 with a number of side branches. Fig. ii. Finally, if the plant has 

 sufficient vigor, a form is assumed resembling the first, or inverted 

 cone stage, of the haws. Fig. 12. This results from branching and 



