﻿Scott: A Study of Pasture Trees . 





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shoots low down on the axis. An intermediate 

 stage is shown in FiG. 13. While this shape appears much later 

 in the elms, it is inore accentuated and persistent than in the 

 haws. This is because the branches of the elm have a more 

 marked upward tendency and are not so readily induced to 

 hug the ground as are the branches of the apples and haws. 

 This upward tendency of the branches, together with the fact 





that an axis dies after certain amount of pruning, precludes the 

 possibility of the formation of the spheroidal or of the erect conical 



The elms are not in general able to reach the independent stage 

 unaided. This is doubtless because they have the habits of growth 

 of the haw but not the haw's vitality and ability to stand pruning. 

 Though the elms are not able to reach independence unaided it 

 must not be inferred that there are no elms which have obtained the 

 independent stage in the pastures. An elm reaching up through 



