REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1902 119 
wheat midge, Diplosis tritici Fitch, inflicted in 1854, ac 
cording to the estimates of Dr Fitch, a loss of $15,000,000 in New 
York State, or reduced the crop by about 7,000,000 bushels. A 
conservative estimate of the damage during the same year, by 
J. H. Klippart, secretary of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 
places the loss in that state at from 5,000,000 to 7,000,000 bushels. 
Two years later Dr Fitch estimated that from one half to two 
thirds of the wheat crop on the uplands of Livingston and Monroe 
counties was destroyed, and that nearly all of that on the flats, 
the latter comprising at least 2000 acres, was not harvested. Dr 
Fitch further states that the loss in 1857 probably exceeded that 
of 1854, and that one third of the entire crop, or about 8,000,000 
bushels, was destroyed in Canada. The periodical injuries by 
the Hessian fly, Cecidomyia destructor Say, are well 
known, and it is not necessary to refer to them more than to 
mention that in 1846 it was estimated that in the western section 
of New York State there was a loss of not less than 500,000 
bushels, and in our recent outbreak in 1901, the damage in New 
York State was placed at $3,000,000. Dr Marlatt has estimated 
that the loss in the Ohio valley on the crop of 1899-1900 
amounted to from $35,000,000 to $40,000,000, and he places the 
minimum annual loss in the chief wheat growing sections of 
the country at 40,000,000 bushels and over. The exceedingly 
common codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn., 
is well known as a destructive insect ; and it may be interesting to 
record Dr Forbes’s estimate of $2,375,000 as the annual loss 
caused by it in the State of Illinois, while Professor Slingerland 
has placed the average damage in New York State at $3,000,000. 
In the southern states, enormous injuries by the cotton worm, 
Aletia argillacea Hibn., are well known. The average loss 
in the cotton states for the 14 years following the Civil War was 
estimated by Dr Packard at $15,000,000, and that for 1873 was 
placed by the same author at $25,000,000. Later, in 1877, he 
estimates the annual loss as ranging from $25,000,000 to 
$50,000,000. These are a few examples of what some of our in- 
troduced insect pests have done, and represent only a very small 
fraction of the entire loss, which in many cases can not be esti- 
mated with any approach to accuracy. It should perhaps be 
