170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 
How., Apanteles hyphantriae Riley, Apanteles parorgytae Ashm., tero- 
malus cuproideus How., Cratotechus orgyiae Fitch, Telenomus orgytae 
Fitch, Hrontina aletiae Riley, Exorista griseomicans V.d. W. and Win- 
themia 4-pustulata Fabr. At Washington these parasites became so 
abundant that in the autumn of 1895 about 90% of the larvae were 
destroyed. In addition to the above named parasites, Dr Howard records 
that Zehneumon subcyaneus Cres., Ichneumon coeruleus Cres. and Allocota 
thyridopterigis Riley were all observed investigating recently formed 
Notolophus cocoons and were apparently about to oviposit. The latter, 
he states, is parasitic upon Pimpla. 
In his study of these parasites, Dr Howard found that the conditions 
were not uniform in all parts of the city of Washington, the parasitism 
being more general in the vicinity of the grounds of the Department of 
agriculture, where most of the observations were made, than in other 
portions of the city. The difference due to locality is also shown by the 
@ parasites in the state collection reared by the late Dr Lintner from this 
species, though his study of them was by no means so extensive as that 
at Washington. ‘The one occurring most abundantly was Zachina mella 
Walk. Limpla hirticauda Prov., a species not hitherto recorded from 
this insect, was bred in greater numbers than any other of the larger 
hymenopterous parasites. Most of the individuals belonging to this 
species were reared in July, but two appearing in June and a few others 
in August. Limpla inguisitor Say, P. conguisitor Say and P. annulipes 
Brullé occurred in about equal numbers. Of the smaller primary para- 
sites, Preromalus cuproideus How. and an unnamed species belonging to the 
same genus were about equally abundant. 
Though the list of primary parasites is long and includes some very 
important species, many of these are in turn the victims of enemies. 
The parasites breeding in those which prey upon injurious forms must be 
classed as enemies to man, since they protect a species indirectly by 
destroying large numbers of its parasites. One of the most abundant of 
the hyperparasites reared by Dr Howard at Washington was Dibrachys 
_boucheanus Ratz. (fig. 4), it being present in such force as to almost kill 
off Pimpla inguisitor the latter part of 1896. This species was also reared 
in large numbers by Dr Lintner in 1883. It is in turn, as demonstrated 
by Dr Howard, preyed upon by Asecodes albitarsis Ashm. The follow- 
ing is a list of the hyperparasites of MVofolophus leucostigma, as given by 
Dr Howard: Hemiteles townsendi Ashm., LBathythrix meteori How., 

“Determined through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard. 
