440 
LespreE and Maısnon may be mentioned. These authors found that 
section of the external branch of both spinal accessory nerves was 
followed by a slowing and augmentation of respiratory movement. 
In the horse inspiration was prolonged and exspiration shortened. 
In dogs, when forced inspiration was experimentally produced, 
the anterior ribs and sternum were almost immobile, practically the 
whole of the respiration being carried out by the action of the 
posterior ribs and diaphragm. (5) 
These facts show that in those pronograde mammals in which 
the thoracic respiratory movements are pronounced, the respiratory 

Fig. I. Fig. 11. 
Fig. I. Right side of healthy giraffe to show normal position of shoulder. The 
crease in front of the scapula marks the ant. border of the brachio-cephalicus passing 
to its attachment on the 5th cervical vertebra. 
Fig. II. Left side of giraffe in which the brachio-cephalicus is paralysed. 
Note the falling backwards and downwards of the shoulder girdle on to the 
chest with compensatory flexion of the radio-carpal joint. 
The crease produced by the anterior border of the brachio-cephalicus has 
disappeared owing to the wasting of the paralysed muscle. 
The ataxia of the animal has hitherto prevented it progressing with speed 
enough to produce respiratory embarrassment. 
The attitude is characteristic; note the manner in which the animal balances 
its head by curving its neck backwards. 
action of the trapezius or its equivalent, the brachio-cephalicus, is an 
important factor. It steadies the shoulder to form a basis from which 
the muscles of inspiration can act efficiently. If, by paralysis of 
+ Oi ey ut a te: 
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