Pomona College, Claremont, California 69 
eastern Kansas, the flies of D. winnemana, D. tigrina and D. minima often occur 
together. In June, D. winnemana appears on the wing and is found associated with 
Tipula morrisoni Alex., T. mingwe Alex., etc.; in July, D. minima appears, together 
with Tipula flavibasis Alex., T. unimaculata Lw., etc.; still later in July D. tigrina 
emerges and all three species fly together during August and into September when 
they fly with Tipula ultima Alex., T. unifasciata Lw., etc. It is curious that no other 
species of Limnobiine occur in the thamnophytic association frequented by Dicranop- 
tycha. All three species of this genus as discussed above have habits that are gener- 
ally similar to one another. They are usually found resting quietly on the upper 
surface of the leaves but fly readily and on slight disturbance. Pairs in copulation 
are often found resting, the bodies directed away from one another aad the wings 
folded over the abdomen. While thus united they fly readily, sometimes the female 
taking the initiative, sometimes the rather smaller male. The eggs are deposited in 
the soft earth in these situations. 
NATURAI, AFFINITIES 
In the Monographs (1869) Osten Sacken included the genus Dicranoptycha in his 
tribe (section) Limnobina anomala, or, as it subsequently became known, the Rhamphi- 
dini, and still later the Antochini. A recent survey of the immature stages of several 
Antochine genera has shown that the tribe is merely an artificial grouping based on 
superficial resemblance of the adult flies. This heterogeneous assemblage includes 
representatives of at least three other tribes, Dicranoptycha, together with Antocha, 
Elliptera, Rhamphidia, etc., showing an undeniable affinity with the Limnobiini, 
whereas Teucholabis, Elephantomyia, etc., show an equally clear relationship with the 
Eriopterini. Moreover a close phylogenetic relationship with the lowermost subtribes 
of the Hexatomini (Ularia, Epiphragmaria, etc.), is easily apparent. 
Dicranoptycha shows the closest affinities with dntocha and Rhamphidia. ‘The 
larve of these three genera, each of which typifies a division, show the following 
common characters: 
Abdominal segments with basal transverse creeping welts or areas of microscopic 
points. The massive compact head-capsule with the prefrontal sclerite large, distinct, 
the externo-lateral plates large, mussel-shaped and very thin. The mentum is not 
completely divided medially. The maxille are large and of primitive structure, 
the cardines and stipites distinct, the two distal lobes large, subequal in size, covered 
with hairs and bearing sensory organs. Mandibles with one or more dorsal and tivo 
or more ventral teeth in addition to the apical point. 
The differences between these allied divisions are best indicated by a key. 
LARVAE 
1. Spiracular disk with only the two long ventral lobes remaining; spiracles lacking 
or vestigial; abdominal segments with both dorsal and ventral welts; strictly 
aquatic. Antocharia. 
Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five short lobes; spiracles large and fune- 
tional; abdominal segments with ventral welts only (except the dorsum of seg- 
ment eight) ; terrestrial or semiaquatic. 
2. Body moderately elongated and covered with a long dark pubescence; spiracular 
disk squarely truncated, surrounded by five subequal stout lobes; meatum with 
five subequal teeth, the lateral one of either side not conspicuously reduced. 
Rhamphidaria. 
