Woods: Decline of Autocracy 37 
Russia: 
A eelovamtne Great pe hs, cartons odsgczot se orl 24.0 43 1462-1505 
6 Ivan the Terrible. . S2E5 37 1547-1584 
ombetemibheGreatan. scr ash crite ae 23.0 36 1689-1725 
LOpGatherinervUls see ke ase assess pens 13.5 34 1762-1796 
(AlexanGenal ny tamed «scot aida Aeatee 5 4.5 15 1810-1825 
AAS) IN avel ENS; I ee Sa oe een 29.5 30 1825-1855 
Alexander III.. 0 13 1881-1894 
127.0 208 
Spain: 
21 Ferdinand and Isabella............ 175 25 1479-1504 
Mercier as she vatnn teeta ti 7 4.0 12 1504-1516 
(Shanles vise ee ee 25.0 39 1517-1556 
BNE Dilip illic. \rcetinct fee nb eres 39.0 42 1556-1598 
(Shawlesmll see metas cictere saat hatae\ersie 2.5 29 1759-1788 
88.0 147 
Sweden: 
28 Gustavus Vasa........ 7.0 37 1523-1560 
Charles, Regent. Bar aon ae 0.5 5 1595-1600 
Ghaplectient germs Sere ers Ae eee Ne 11.0 11 1600-1611 
13 Gustavus Adolphus.............. 13.0 21 1611-1632 
Gharles xX Syke sb her tect 5.0 6 1654-1660 
(Claveia Sher eS as eee Co tO renee ee 4.0 25 1672-1697 
iil (Gis ENa ESC eee ee eee 19.0 21 1697-1718 
ERTISLAWIIS PUL lrercierc eis cere faerie 5 2.0 21 1771-1792 
ShamleseXGiVing aise e escent as es 0 26 1818-1844 
61.5 173 
Turkey: 
SOmMohammed Tl... i. ilk. .0cee. 30.0 30 1451-1481 
G4 13.2 ban) )] Caer een ay then Ret ae orn ie Ave 7.0 8 1512-1520 
Gy (S\eilerter eat lees AT Sines etn ere cee 36.5 46 1520-1566 
UN CRREYG INVES Cees ares an aM ern ae 17.0 17 1623-1640 
icin Wlem mets: fe ot ernie gate aca 16.5 31 1808-1839 
107.0 132 
average number of years of war per 
century, as revealed by the tables in 
“Ts War Diminishing?” which is 48.5. 
But if we consider only the 30 leading 
autocrats, we find that the average 
rises to 57.5 war-years per century, 
or 565.5 out of 983. For the leading 
20 the average is 54.2, and for the ten 
greatest the average is 63.4 years of 
war per century. The totals here are 
212.5 years out of 335. These figures 
are large enough to be significant. 
Here is shown a rise of roughly 50% 
for the most autocratic periods as 
against the comparatively non-auto- 
cratic periods, of which there are about 
300, and whose war record must have 
been a little less than 48.5 years per 
century. 
The true correlation between auto- 
crats and war must be somewhat higher 
than is here indicated, since oftimes 
democratic nations have been unwill- 
ingly drawn into conflicts against au- 
tocracy, as was the case in the Napo- 
leonic period and in the late World War. 
In this way non-autocratic periods 
must get more years of war than would 
have been the case if all countries had 
always been free from great autocrats. 
WAR-YEARS UNDER DEMOCRACIES 
If we turn to the other side of the 
question and study the democracies 
themselves, it appears that their periods 
occupied in warfare have been some- 
what less in total duration than the 
average. There have not been many 
eras of real democracy in European 
history, but there have been times when 
nations have been more democratic 
than at other times. England has, for 
instance, been largely governed by the 
voice of the people during recent 
