148 The Journal 
numbers. Conservative estimates would 
place the number of native cattle at 
50,000,000. The total value of these at 
$30.00 (Mex.) a head would be $1,500.- 
000,000 (Mex.). The export of cattle 
from China to other countries is small 
but is increasing from year to year. 
According to the customs reports, ex- 
portation has increased from 1,000 to 
nearly 100,000 cattle a year during the 
past four years. 
Shantung is one of the biggest cattle 
producing provinces in China. The 
Japanese report referred to above has 
the following to say about the cattle in 
this region: 
“Generally speaking the Shantung 
cattle are large in build. As for the ox, 
it usually weighs from 600 catties (1.33 
pounds equal one catty) to 1,000 
catties, with we!l developed loins and 
legs which almost form a rectangle 
shape. According to a native, a Ger- 
man missionary once imported here 
cows of a foreign breed with which he 
undertook the improvement of cattle 
in this locality, and that was the founda- 
tion of our cattle of the present day... . 
Judging from the fact that the Shantung 
cattle have a comparatively thin hide 
and have a tendency to early growth 
and fattening, we can safely infer that 
they are not a pure breed but improved 
species. Most cattle now in Shantung 
were brought over from Honan. AI- 
though they are called Shantung cattle 
there is no doubt but that they are the 
product of Central China. That is to 
say, they have gradually migrated east- 
ward from Honan, Shonsi, Shansi and 
Kansu which are situated in the center 
of continental China. The Yellow River 
which passes through these territories 
makes the vicinity of its water course 
unfit for cultivation by the tremendous 
overflow of the river which takes 
place every year. In consequence the 
district forms one vast pastureland 
of thick weeds. Any person going 
through there will notice the thriving 
industry of cattle raising. As explained 
above the territories from which Shan- 
tung cattle come cover vast areas and 
naturally the number of cattle available 
may be said to be almost limitless. 
of Heredity 
“The method of raising cattle is very 
simple. In the country districts it is 
not uncommon for one to find from 
thirty to sixty head in one small village. 
Every farmer usually keeps from five to 
six head which are usually taken care 
of by one coolie. When cattle are not 
employed they are turned loose on the 
fields where they feed as they like. 
The coolie usually is a young lad who is 
called ‘Cattle watcher.’ His wage is 
usually 5 to 6sen per day. At night he 
sleeps in the cattle shed. Cattle are fed 
three times a day, morning, noon, and 
evening, during the busiest season of 
farming. In seasons when farming is 
not in full swing they are fed twice a day 
—morning and evening. The feed then 
consists of about 16 catties of straw 
and 4 catties of mixed feed a day. The 
straw fed is mostly millet, but wheat 
straw is fed also. In some places dry 
peanut stems and sweet potato vines are 
fed. The mixed feed mentioned above 
is composed of kaoliang, beans and the 
like, mixed with cut straw or hay and 
water. 
“Although Shantung cattle may not 
be as good as Japanese cattle for beef, 
yet it is an established opinion that they 
are far better than Korean or Mongolian 
cattle. At the time of the German 
administration in Tsingtau efforts were 
made to improve the cattle. They 
always kept cattle of foreign breeds in 
their slaughterhouse with which they 
undertook to better the Chinese cattle. 
Promising calves were purchased by the 
authorities. When they were one year 
old the German doctors brought them 
together and held an exhibition. Prizes 
were awarded for good cows, which were 
later bred to cattle of foreign breeds. 
By means of such encouragement and 
others, the improvement of cattle in 
this district was induced.”’ 
THE NATIVE ‘“HUMPED”’ CATTLE 
The méthods of caring for and feeding 
cattle in Shantung, described by the 
Japanese authorities, are the same as 
those generally followed by the Chinese. 
The feed, however, differs in the various 
localities. In the Canton region the 
grain fed is usually rice chop and wheat 
