150 
bran. The cattle in the Canton region 
are not as large as the Shantung cattle, 
if the Japanese estimates are correct. 
The average cow in the south weighs 
500 catties, and the average bull 800 
catties, though some individual cattle 
have been noted that weigh as much as 
1,000 catties when fat. 
The native cattle of southern China 
are of the .humped species com- 
mon in the Orient. In most of the 
natural histories they are called Zebus. 
The main difference between these 
cattle and the European cattle (Bos 
taurus) is in the enlargement or pro- 
tuberance on the top of the shoulders. 
This prominence in the bulls sometimes 
is as much as ten inches above the level 
of the back. The females of the variety 
common in China haye, as a rule, only 
a small enlargement on the shoulders. 
The meat in the hump is said to be of 
good quality. The breeds of a related 
species in India (Bos indicus) are char- 
acterized by a larger hump and by a 
heavy fold of skin which hangs like a 
curtain from the throat to the brisket 
of the animal. 
The color of the cattle in China is 
much like the color of Jerseys. It 
varies from a yellow red to a brown red 
and almost pure black. Spotted or 
white cattle are not common, chiefly 
because the meat of an animal with 
white color markings is considered 
inferior. Fawnis quite a common color. 
The nostrils are black with a grey or 
mealy colored ring around the muzzle 
just above the nostrils. The tongue is 
black. It is a peculiar coincidence that 
all of the above color characteristics of 
these cattle are also true of the Jerseys. 
While the amount of milk yielded is very 
small—so small that cows are seldom 
used for milking—the fat content is 
high, varying from 5 to 8 per cent. 
“HUMPED” CATTLE IN HONGKONG 
MARKETS 
Although the cattle from different dis- 
tricts of southern China, are much alike 
in color and conformation, there is some 
difference in types in different com- 
munities. 
There are three distinct grades of 
THE 
The Journal of Heredity 
cattle, for instance, that reach the Hong- 
kong market, coming from different 
regions. Those coming from the east 
coast of Kwangtung province, from the 
region south of Swatow, are superior 
in size and beef characteristics to those 
raised in the region of Canton, and their 
dressed meat sells on the average for 27 
cents (Mex.) when Canton beef sells for 
24 cents. Cattle from the west river 
region, or above Wuchov, are of a type 
just between the Canton and Swatow 
cattle. They are somewhat better than 
the Canton cattle, but not as good as 
those from the Swatow region. Cattle 
are sold by the head, and not weighed. 
The usual price for a fair individual 
weighing from 600 to 800 pounds is 
from $28.00 to $50.00 (Mex.). 
THE FUTURE FOR LIVESTOCK IN CHINA 
The production of better and more 
live stock in China must come as the 
country develops industrially and com- 
mercially. Good police protection. good 
roads and railways, a demand for export 
products and an increasing demand for 
milk, will all be incentives to expansion 
of the livestock industries. There is 
enough grass on the hills of China, now 
not being utilized except for fuel, to 
produce at least twice as many cattle 
as are being produced today. Cattle 
sell for about one-half the price they sell 
for in America. Better prices offered 
for export beef, which will come with 
development, will stimulate the becf 
industry, and the demand for milk 
within China itself must be met. With 
the present prices received for milk 
(12 to 18 cents local currency per pound) 
and the price at which imported butter 
is sold, ($1.20 local currency per pound) 
there are few other industries that offer 
better opportunities for young men well 
trained in the principles of dairying and 
breeding and with a thorough knowledge 
of the methods of producing sanitary 
milk, butter, and other dairy products. 
IMPROVEMENT OF LIVESTOCK 
With the development of agricultural 
industries will come a demand for the 
improvement of the different classes of 
livestock now raised in China. Three 
