Levine: Horses and Cattle in the Orient 
methods of improvement suggest them- 
selves. 
The first method, and no doubt the 
best, is that of improvement within 
the breed, without the introduction of 
foreign blood. A few generations of 
intelligent selection of individuals for 
breeding purposes should greatly im- 
prove the cattle for beef purposes. 
Because of the smal! amount of milk 
given by native humped cows, draft 
and beef production will probably 
always remain the function of this class 
of cattle. Breeding for improvement 
without the introduction of foreign 
blood should be followed with all classes 
of live stock, no matter how extensive 
the use of modern breeds may become. 
The buffalo in China has been chiefly 
a draft animal to be used for beef as 
soon as its usefulness for work is ended. 
In recent years some dairies in the south 
have begun to use the buffalo for milk, 
and now have cows that give more than 
12 pounds of milk a day, testing from 10 
per cent to 15 per cent fat. Six buffalo 
cows at the Canton Christian College, 
for which records for complete lactation 
periods are available, have produced an 
average of more than 250 pounds of 
butter fat. 
A second method of improvement 
would be to introduce males of im- 
proved breeds for mating with native 
cows. 
Crossing the native cattle with mod- 
ern breeds of beef cattle should no doubt 
improve the native cattle for beef 
purposes. However, such crossing of 
native humped breeds of cattle with 
European breeds has not proven popu- 
lar in the Philippines and in India for 
the reason that while the cross produces 
better beef cattle, such cattle are of 
little use for draft. The chief reason 
why the native cattle are so well 
adapted for work is because of the hump 
against which the yoke fits so well. In 
animals containing foreign blood the 
hump is very small, or not present at all. 
A third method suggested for im- 
provement of native live stock is to 
secure pure bred animals of desirable 
breeds and continue to breed them pure. 
The first method suggested, that of 
151 
selection within the native breed for 
improvement, is safest, but slow in 
bringing results. Introducing “modern 
improved breeds will probably bring 
quicker results, provided good, healthy 
individuals only are secured and intel- 
ligent breeding is practised. However, 
the disease common here, and not com- 
mon in regions from which imported 
cattle come, should be taken into con- 
sideration and guarded against, or the 
result to individual breeders is apt to 
prove disastrous financially. Great care 
should be taken not to introduce tuber- 
culosis with European breeds. 
NEED OF TRAINED LIVESTOCK MEN AND 
VETERINARIANS 
Men trained in animal breeding and 
feeding, are much needed in China to 
improve the quality of livestock by 
intelligent feeding, care, selection and 
breeding, and by introduction of foreign 
breeds. Veterinarians are needed to 
take up a thorough study of diseases and 
their control, and to build laboratories 
for the production of anti-cholera and 
anti-rinderpest serums for the preven- 
tion of these two great plagues of the 
livestock industry. Canton, like all 
cities in China, is in need of government 
livestock sanitary inspectors with ade- 
quate laws to support them, to prevent 
the sale of diseased meat, and above all 
the sale of unwholesome milk; for while 
the danger of eating diseased meat is 
serious enough, the danger of con- 
tracting typhoid fever, tuberculosis and 
other disease from contaminated mill 
is apparent to all. Every cow with 
European blood, whose milk is being sold 
to the public, should be tested for 
tuberculosis and reacting animals be 
rejected for dairy purposes. Such work 
is the work of a veterinarian. It should 
not be necessary to test native cows or 
buffalos, as the native cows are highly 
resistant and the water buffalo appar- 
ently immune to tuberculosis. 
Some of the dairies have good bulls 
of modern dairy breeds, but cannot 
produce good milkers because of their 
methods of raising calves. From the 
time the calves of these European cows 
are born they are kept tied up in a 
