184 The Journal 
First, an inspection of herbarium 
material supplemented where possible 
by observations of the varieties in the 
field. 
Second, a study of the history of 
the variety. 
While this method will be found 
satisfactory in determining the origin 
of most varieties, it cannot be ac- 
cepted as final for some sorts. The 
more accurate methods of the plant 
breeder must be used to settle the 
origin of doubtful ones. Hybrids be- 
tween varieties representing both spe- 
cies must be made; doubtful varieties 
must be selfed, and at least an F, gen- 
eration grown. For example, only the 
results of breeding work can determine 
just how the character of glandular 
hairs is inherited. On most of the va- 
rieties classed below as Rubus idaeus 
strigosus hybrids, few or no glandular 
hairs are present, yet in hybrids be- 
tween R. occidentalis and R. strigosus 
glandular hairs are abundant: also in 
blackberry hybrids between a_ species 
having glandular hairs and one without 
them, the F, plants seem intermediate 
in this respect. It may be that many 
varieties are hybrids between FR. idacus 
x strigosus crossed back on R. idacus 
or R. strigosus. Such hybrids may 
show but slight traces of one parent. 
It is easy to note from the appearance 
of fruit stems of typical members of 
each of the species and hybrids betweeti 
the species, that the contrast between 
varieties belonging to the European an‘ 
the American red raspberry species is 
very marked. 
The prominent commercial varieties 
have been marked with an asterisk (*) 
Of these it will be seen that five varie- 
ties (including those in Tables 1 and 2) 
belong to Rubus strigosus, three to 
Rubus idacus, six to Rubus idacus 
of Heredity 
strigosus, one to feubus ideaus X ocei- 
dentalis, one to Rubus (;daeus & occi- 
dentalis) X strigosus and one to Rubus 
(idaeus X_ strigosus) XX occidentalis. 
The black raspberries have not been 
listed, as there seems to be no reason 
to think that any of them are not hor- 
ticultural varieties of Rubus  occi- 
dentalis. 
Certain questions will at once sug- 
gest themselves to breeders and pomolo- 
gists such as: 
1. Do the commercial varieties given 
in Table 2 actually have Rubus occi- 
dentalis in their parentage? These va- 
rieties are known to be hardier than 
any commercial raspberries in the other 
groups except those in~Table 1 and 
perhaps Herbert in the group of varie- 
ties derived from RFR. Idaeus X_ stri- 
gosus. 
2. Should not varieties listed in Ta- 
ble 2 be used in breeding sorts for 
sections with severe climates? 
3. All our purple raspberries seem 
to have Rubus Tdaecus as one of the 
parents. Should not hardy varieties of 
Rubus strigosus be used as one parent 
in future breeding work and a hardy 
variety of Rubus occidentalis, such as 
Older, be used as the other parent? 
4. Why not try other European va- 
rieties in the milder parts of the Pa- 
cific Coast States as the varieties now 
grown there are largely introduced 
from Europe? The Royal Horticul- 
tural Society of England recommended 
in their “Selected List of Hardy 
Fruits” the Devon, Wisbech Perfection, 
Baumforth, Hornet, and for autumn 
fruiting, Alexandra, and Surprise 
d’ Automne. In addition Abundance, 
3ountiful, Norwich, Profusion, and 
Semper Fidelis (liked for jam making) 
might be tested. 
