Moral Qualities and Eugenics 
11. Thus every parent, in reference 
to a single trait, may contribute one 
or the other of two genes, one of which 
came down unchanged (barring muta- 
tion) from his or her father, the other 
from his or her mother. Of course, if 
the blood is pure and these two genes 
are alike, they cannot be distinguished 
in their working-out in the F, soma. 
This is the case with trait H in chromo- 
some g, and trait g in chromosome c, 
but this does not mean that the rules of 
segregation and recombination have not 
been just as active throughout as is 
so easily demonstrated with the highly 
contrasted genes and characters ot 
mongrels. 
12. In order to represent the con- 
tinuity of the germ-plasm, let the F, 
‘zygote be thought of as a_ parent. 
Whereas the possibilities of the original 
P, individuals of the abacus for a sin- 
gle trait are shown by the two faces of 
a single spool, now the possibilities of 
the F, individual as a parent are shown 
by the front faces of the two adjacent 
spools, which are now held stationary. 
Those genes whose symbols are indi- 
cated on the backs of the spools have 
been lost to the race in this particular 
189 
case. Thus not only the principles of 
segregation, combination and continuity, 
but also of elimination, are mechanically 
shown. To every one of the descend- 
ants of the F, zygote, one or the other 
of the two chromosomes or genes-radi- 
cal shown on the front faces of ad- 
jacent spools will pass. If two of these 
abaci are placed side by side, with the 
spools stationary in one abacus to rep- 
resent a parental male zygote, and in 
the other a parental female zygote, the 
situation may be used to demonstrate 
the inbreeding of the F, generation, but 
instead of spinning the spools the com- 
binations for the F, offspring are made 
by chance selection of either the right 
or left (that is, either paternally or 
maternally descended) face of the 
front-turned spools in the stwo abaci. 
By this process one may trace the 
chromosomes and their component 
genes from generation to generation. 
The manipulation of this machine 
gives not the whole story of human 
heredity, but a clean-cut demonstration 
of the geography* of the bi-sexual 
germ-plasm and of its normal basic 
mechanism and mathematics. 
Moral Qualities and Eugenics 
The Lancet (London, November 8, 
1919) says: “Dr. I. M. McCaillie has 
published certain results obtained by 
this method (psychological tests) in the 
American Army, and it is interesting to 
note that a majority of cases of absence 
without leave, desertion, confinement 
to barracks, and reduction in rank occur 
among men found to be below the 
average of intelligence, as shown by 
the tests employed, and the use of 
psychologists to investigate the men- 
tality of criminals might well have 
fruitful results.”’ 
Any measurements of moral differences 
among adult human beings are so rare 
that notice should be taken by psycholo- 
*See (a) “The Physical Basis of Heredity,” by T. H. Morgan. (b) 
gists’ and eugenists of the results ob- 
tained by Dr. McCaillie. They con- 
firm the correlation of mental and moral 
qualities found by Woods in royalty 
(1903).4 
There have been some scattering 
figures obtained by persons who have 
made studies of school children and par- 
ticularly of delinquents in state institu- 
tions, all of which support the notion of 
mental and moral correlation.° 
If morally superior persons are on the 
average more liberally endowed men- 
tally it means much encouragement for 
the eugenists in their ideas for the bet- 
terment of mankind. 
“Are Genes Linear 
or Non-Linear in Arrangement?” by W. E. Castle, Proceedings of the National Academy 
of Science, November 1919. 
4The correlation ratio was found to be r=.34+ .04, ‘Heredity in Royalty,’’ New York, 1906, 
p. 259. 
5 See JOURNAL OF HEREDITY, Feb., 1919, pp. 84-86. 
