26 Journal of Entomology and Zoology 
first appendages are short, strong and chelate, the other two ap- 
pendages are more slender and may be moderate in length or very 
long. All appendages or only one or two may be provided with 
long spines near the base. Two types of protonymphon stages may 
be recognized, the most common such as found in species of the 
genera, Nymphon, Ammothea, Tanystylum, Zetes (Eurycyde), by 
Dohrn, Hoek, Morgan, Meisenheimer, Meinert and others. 
The genus Pycnogonum is in a way an intermediate type for the 
first appendage bears a long hair-like process, as shown by Hoek, 
*81, and Meinert, 98. 
The genera Phoxichilidium and Anoplodactylus have long ten- 
dril-like extensions from the two body appendages. These larve 
were first noticed by Gegenbauer in 1854, among hydroids, later 
by Allman ’59, in a similar situation. Both of these investigators 
supposed that the eggs of Phoxichilidium were laid in the hydroids. 
Hodge in 1862 showed that it was the larva which made its way 
into the cavity of the hydroid polyp. Semper 1874, gives a very 
good outline of the life history of P. mutilatum. Adlerz in 1888 
gives more detail in the larval stages of P. femoratum. A large 
number of others have described parasitic habits of pycnogonids 
besides those already mentioned. Hallez in 1905 speaks of the 
mutual modifications of larve and hydroid, various degrees of para- 
sitism were found in different species. In one case the larve were 
from .1 mm. to .8 mm. in length in different stages, the last stage 
being somewhat elongate in form. Mertens in ’06 found a larva 
in Tethys which he described as a new species of Nymphon. Loman 
08 was one of the latest to consider this kind of parasitism among 
pycnogonids. Some earlier writers who also considered this sub- 
ject were Kroyer ’42, Lendenfeld ’83, and Strethill ’63. 
Among the Laguna Beach pycnogonids the eggs were held by the 
males in from two to sixteen bunches. Palene has about two eggs 
in two clusters. Halosoma had from six to eight small bunches. 
T. intermedium had usually about four. T. orbiculare from two to 
four clusters. L. marginatus, usually four. A. spinosissima about 
11 bunches. A. californicus sixteen small bunches of many eggs. 
A. erectus sixteen. The eggs differ greatly in size in the different 
species. The eggs of Halosoma are the smallest yet recorded, 
