Pomona College, Claremont, California 161 
same bee those in which the spiral turned clockwise and others in 
which it was the reverse. Five to six such cells are thus provisioned 
and sealed in about as many days, each occupying about five-eighths 
of an inch of the tunnel. 
These eggs are hatched successively after an incubation period 
of about one week. The newly-hatched larva is a footless grub 
about 7 mm. in length. It feeds slowly at first, then more rapidly 
and has devoured all, or nearly all, of its food in from 22 to 
28 days, when it ceases to feed and for a period of from 15 to 19 
days shows very little change. During the non-feeding larval 
stage it spends most of its time in the position shown in Fig 3, 
but occasionally indulges in a series of writhing movements which 
last for a half minute or more. At the end of this period the 
first moult occurs, the beginning of the pupal stage (Fig. 11). The 
pupa is at first white and manifests even less movement than in the 
previous stage, but gradually pigment begins to develop and within 
three or four weeks the jet black color of the adult shows as a slaty 
blue through the thin white outer skin. About this time the pupa 
begins to show a bit more activity and within a few days may be 
found stretching out its legs and antenne which have thus far been 
tightly folded against its body. This action is prophetic of emerg- 
ence and a few days later the second and last molt occurs, which 
brings it into the adult stage. It remains only for its wings to com- 
plete their growth and harden before it is ready for flight. 
But there are obstacles ahead of this seeker of the open air. The 
neatly-formed partitions are yet as strong as the day they were 
made, and there may be from three to six of them between young 
orpifex and the light of day. That is not all, for unless some wan- 
ton parasite has entered, there lie as many brothers and sisters, all 
yet in their swaddling clothes—in those chambers which form the 
only path to the out-of-doors. Some writers have suggested that 
this first-born politely waits here in this inner chamber for the 
younger members of the family to emerge and then humbly follows 
them out; but my observation revealed no such modest altruism. 
When No. 1 of a family of six emerged during a day of my absence 
she tore away the enclosing partition, kicked the occupant of the 
next cell back into the one she had deserted, and repeating this oper- 
