142 



The Journal of Heredity 



III. 9 has also had two daughters, 

 who may be carriers; one is the 

 mother of one daughter, still a child; 

 the other, IV. 8, has one son with 

 normal color-vision and has had six 

 daughters of whom two have married; 

 one has no children, the other, V. 12 

 has one daughter and one son. This 

 boy, now over three years old, is as yet 

 unable to tell the names of colors 

 correctly and is therefore marked with 

 a query, as it may be that the trouble 

 is confusion of names rather than of 



colors. The alliance comes about in 

 this way: V. 12 is the wife of a son 

 (not shown on the chart) of IV. 1, 

 (Family 1) VI. 10 being therefore a 

 grandson, and possibly another color- 

 blind grandson (though if so not by 

 inheritance from his grandfather) of 

 IV. 1. 



Conclusion: The study of color- 

 blindness in these three families, al- 

 though it brings out nothing new, 

 illustrates the truth of the accepted 

 law of inheritance of the defect. 



TWINS REARED APART 



Paul Popenoe, 



Coachella, California 



Q 



INCE Francis Galton's pioneer 

 O researches, twins have been re- 

 garded as offering particularly fa- 

 vorable material for the study of 

 environmental influence on inherited 

 traits. A crucial case, because of the 

 dissimilar environments in which the 

 twins were reared, was recently called 

 to my attention by Dr. Mary Lawson 

 Neff, of Phoenix, Ariz. 



A family named Irwin, living in a 

 small town in the Black Hills, had 

 three children— two sons and a daughter. 

 Twin girls were then born. The mother 

 never recovered strength, and died 

 eight months afterward. 



The twins, Jessie and Bess, were 

 adopted by two families who lived on 

 ranches. The former (now Mrs. Carl 

 G. Sanders, a school teacher in Arizona) 

 has kindly given me particulars of 

 their upbringing. 



Following their separation at the 

 age of eight months, the two girls did 

 not see each other, nor did they corres- 

 pond, until they were 18 years old. In 

 their entire lives, the twins have been 

 together only two months in 1911, 

 two months in 1913, and six months in 

 1914. They have now not seen each 

 other for seven years. 



Their history is outlined by Mrs. 

 Sanders as follows: 



Bess lived with her foster parents on 

 the ranch until she was five years old, 



when they quit ranching, traveled 

 overland for two years, visiting Canada 

 in the course of this travel, and finally 

 settled in Helena, Mont. Bess went 

 to the public school there until she 

 finished the fifth grade, then entered 

 business college, and at the age of 14 

 went to work in an office. She has 

 followed a business career ever since. 

 From 14 to 18 years of age she was with 

 the forest reserve administration, 18-22 

 Montana Life Insurance Company, 

 later in New York as extension student 

 at Columbia and secretary to the 

 president of a publishing company. 

 At the beginning of the war she joined 

 the Food Administration in Washing- 

 ton, then went to France with the Red 

 Cross, transferred to the Graves Pho- 

 tography Bureau, returned to Wash- 

 ington, and then to Helena. She has 

 clerked in two state legislatures in 

 Montana and spent several summers 

 doing clerical work in Yellowstone 

 Park. 



Jessie, on the other hand, went to a 

 rural school and then through high 

 school, started to train as a nurse, had a 

 physical breakdown, later taught school 

 three years, married in 1915, gave 

 birth to a son in 1916, did some open air 

 work in subsequent years, and in 1920 

 began teaching again. 



The physical likeness of the two is 

 close. The two, according to Mrs. 



