190 



The Journal of Heredity 



period is the same as for the first 

 method. Unifonnly good results were 

 obtained with this method and it is 

 much easier and more rapid than the 

 ordinary hand inoculation method. 

 The brushing method may be used in 

 inoculating hybrid seedlings when the 

 segregation for manner of reaction is 

 easily determined. 



SUMMARY 



The method used at the Minnesota 

 station for differentiating heterozygous 

 and homozygous F2 plants in breeding 

 for rust resistance, when resistance is a 

 dominant character, is to grow in the 

 greenhouse F3 seedling families from 

 each resistant F2 plant. These seed- 



lings are inoculated with rust and 

 from their reaction the F2 plants 

 which are homozygous for resistance 

 are determined. In breeding oats resis- 

 tant to stem rust 192 of the 567 F3 

 families tested bred true for resistance. 

 The greenhouse test, therefore, re- 

 duced the number of lines to be grown 

 in the field the following season from 

 567 to 192. 



The brushing method in which the 

 seedlings are sprayed with water and 

 then brushed with rusted seedlings, 

 was highly satisfactory for producing 

 inoculum and may be used as a means 

 of inoculating hybrid families when 

 the manner of reaction allows the 

 segregation to be easily determined. 



INTELLIGENCE AND 

 SCHOOLING 



A Review of Some of the Results of the Army Intelligence Tests 



Paul Popenoe 



Coachella, California 



graduates who have had no further 

 schooling; this is the schooling most 

 frequently reported. More than half 

 have gone no farther than the seventh 

 grade; almost one-fourth have had 

 more or less high-school training, while 

 only 5 . 4% — one-twentieth — have en- 

 tered college and 1.25% have been 

 graduated. The white draft of foreign 

 birth is less schooled ; more than half of 

 this group have not gone beyond the 

 fifth grade, while one-eighth, or 12 . 5%, 

 report no schooling. Negro recruits, 

 though brought up in this country 

 where education is supposedly not 

 only free but compulsory for all, report 

 no schooling in astonishingly large 

 proportion (19% in the southern, 10% 

 in the northern states) ; more than half 

 the negroes from southern states have 

 not gone beyond the third grade, and 

 only 7% finish the eighth. In northern 

 states, half do not go beyond the fifth 



' Psychological Examining in the U. S. Army, ed. by Robert M. Yerkes. Memoirs of the 

 National Academy of Sciences, Vol. XV, pp. 890. Government Printing Office, Washington, 

 D. C. 1921. 



NEARLY two million men in the 

 army during the World War 

 were given intelligence tests, ^ 

 and at the same time a great deal of 

 information about their history was 

 secured. Some of this information 

 makes it possible to answer afresh the 

 question whether these intelligence 

 tests measure innate ability, or merely 

 reflect the amount of formal education 

 or educational opportunity which one 

 has had. 



The amount of schooling — an imper- 

 fect measure of real "education," but 

 obviously the only one available for the 

 present purpose — was one of the facts 

 noted on the examination cards. Great 

 differences are naturally found among 

 various groups. Nearly all officers 

 have at least finished the eighth grade; 

 about one-third of them are college 

 graduates. "Of native-born white 

 recruits, one-fourth are eighth-grade 



