314 



The Journal of Heredity 



duced nuts free in the burr, segre- 

 gates appeared in the second genera- 

 tion with nuts just as firm as those 

 of the American sweet. Probably 

 fifty per cent, of the trees produced 

 free nuts, while six per cent, were 

 very tight, the remainder being in- 

 termediate. Segregates closely re- 

 sembling the American sweet were 

 found, both in size, shape, number of 

 nuts and character of burr (Fig. 13). 



Resistance to Weevils 



For many years all the trees of 

 both generations with one exception 

 have been resistant to weevils like the 

 Japanese parent. The single excep- 

 tional tree has always given nuts bad- 

 ly infected with weevils, while all the 

 rest of the trees in the orchard have 

 been immune. 



The character of the burr also 

 showed much variability in the sec- 

 ond generation in respect to thickness, 

 length of spines and the like. The 

 spines of some burrs were relatively 

 soft and easily handled, while others 

 v/ere extremely rigid. All gradations 

 between these extremes were found. 



When it was found that the second 

 hybrid generation was so exceedingly 



variable and not as valuable as the 

 original hybrid, an attempt was made 

 to propagate the parent vegetatively 

 by grafts and by top working the 

 worthless second generation seed- 

 lings with original Boone wood. Mr, 

 Endicott was accomplished in the art, 

 but never had much success in the 

 use of Fi wood on F^ trees. In many 

 trials (over 400) made by Mr. Endi- 

 cott and Mr. E. A. Riehl (an expert 

 nurserymaji) about three per cent, of 

 the attempts to bud or graft were 

 successful. Possibly some obscure 

 anatomical or physiological peculiarities 

 of the wood of the first generation 

 make a union with other woods diffi- 

 cult, even with its own seedlings. 



All of these striking variations in 

 the second generation trees bear the 

 earmarks of multiple factor segrega- 

 tion and recombination. There are 

 many other characters involved be- 

 sides these more patent examples 

 which we have chosen to record. No 

 doubt intricate structural and physio- 

 logical characters are also included. 

 The orchard might prove to be a 

 storehouse of promising material for 

 anyone inclined to pursue investiga- 

 tions in this direction. 



How Relatives Originate 



The Evolutiox of Kinship, an 

 African Study, by E. Sidney 

 Hartland, LL. DL., F. S. A. The 

 Frazer Lecture, 1922. Pp. 31 ; price 

 70c. Oxford University Press, 

 American Branch, New York, 1922. 



Drawing his illustrations mainly from 

 some of the Bantu tribes, which in- 

 habit Africa from the equator to the 

 south coast, Dr. Hartland sketches the 

 primitive state in which descent is 



traced through the mother, followed by 

 the slightly more advanced stage in 

 which it is traced through the father. 

 In both instances the relationships are 

 thought of by the individuals concerned 

 as social rather than physiological. The 

 two systems of descent are in many 

 tribes still competing for supremacy, 

 which results in some involved situa- 

 tions that are interestingly set forth. 



—P. P. 



