214 AYES : rVCJOrODKS. — XXXI. 



it. Rill not both stronplv liooki'd and cerud. 

 k. Iliad u>v. -slioit, decidiilly ulevuti'd; toes semipalniate; no soft membrane 



about nostrils; i>cl)i/<ij^nathuus Galling, XXXIX. 



kk. Hind toe little if at all above level of the rest (rarely absent). 



/. MostriLs openini^ beneath a soft swollen cere-like membrane; hind 



claw short; doves Columu^, XL. 



U. Nostril;* not opening beneath a swollen membrane or cere, 

 m. Hind cinw not longer than the others; mostly dcsuioguathous. 

 (ricin-ia:.) 

 n. Wings not very long; gape not very wide nor deeply cleft. Feet 

 zygodactyle or syndactyle. (Toes 2 in front, or if 3, then the 

 outer and middle toes connected for at least half their length 

 in our species.) 

 o. Tail feathers soft; bill not chi:>el-like. . . Coccyges, XLHI. 

 00. Tail feathers stiff and jjointed; bill adapted for strikinp or 



boring Pui, XLIV. 



nn. Wings very long, with 10 primaries (tail of 10 feathers and bill 

 (issirostral, or else secondaries and bill tcnuirostral); toes 3 

 in front, 1 behind, the hinder a little elevated. 



Macrochihks, XLV. 

 mm. Hind claw at least as long as middle claw; toes always ',i in front, 

 1 behind, cleft to the base or with the basal joints only immov- 

 ably coherent ; palate a'githognathous. . . 1'asseues, XLVI. 



Order XXXI. PYGOPODES. (The Diving Birds.) 



Feet palmate or lobate ; tibia feathered, included in the skin 

 nearly to the heel-joint, hence the legs set far back, so that the birds 

 are scarcely able to walk at all on land ; hind toe small and ele- 

 vated, or wantintr; nostrils developed ; bill horny, not lamellate or 

 serrate ; no <ridar pouch ; palate schizognathous ; wings very short ; 

 tail very short or rudiuuntary. 



This is apj)ar(ntly not a natural order. Stcjneger (following 

 Iluxley) unites the Pi/fjnpodes, Longi}>cutH's and Tu/iinarcs in one 

 order, CecomorphfB. He remarks : " The fact is that not only 

 are the gulls very nearly related to the auks, but their afTmities 

 with the GrnlUc through the ])lovers are unmistakable. On the 

 other hand, the grelx's seem to be only distantly related to the other 

 ' Pligopodes ' and the puffins and albatrosses similarly so to the 

 Lonfjipenncs or gulls." Tlie Pygopode.i are water birds, expert 

 divers, feeding chieHy on fishes, (irvyfj, rumj); jrovf, foot.) 



Families of Pygopodos. 



a. Tail fonthers wanting; anterior toes lobed, the claws very broad, flat, 



roundid at tip, resembling human nails roDicii-iD.K, 124. 



tui. Tail feathers dfVflo])ed, but short. 



b. Toes 4; the hind toe present Gaviid.*-^ 125. 



W>. Toes 3, the hind toe wanting Ai.( id.k, 120. 



