294 AVES: PASSERES. — XLVI. 



pendages small or wanting. L. tJJ^. W. .'J|. T. *2j. N. Am., 

 abundunt. (Lat., of tlu' ci'tlars.) 



Family CJ.XXI. LANIID^. (Tiik Shkikks.) 



Primaries 10, the first short (rarely wantinj]^) ; hill hawklike, 

 very stroii;j, the upper iiiandihle Umthed and ahniptly h<M)ked at 

 the tip; both mandibles distinctly notcheil. Winj,'s short, rounded. 

 Tail lon'j;. Tarsus scutellate on the outside as well as in front. 

 Se.xes alike. 



Sjjeeies about 100, found in most parts of the world, remarkable 

 for their vijxor and pugnaeity. Their habits, corresponding with 

 the form of the bill, are similar to those of birds of prey, for which 

 reason they were placed by Linna;us among the Accipilres. They 

 have a remarkable habit of impaling small animals on thorns and 

 leaving them there. 



a. Rictus wifli bristles; nostrils concealed by bristly tufts; tirst primary not 

 very slmrt Lamls, 5115. 



505. LANIUS Linnajus. (Lat., butcher.) 



949. L. borealia Vieiliot. Great Nortiikrn Shrike. Butch- 

 ERHiRD. Ashy alx)ve, rump paler; black bars on side of head 

 narrow, not meeting in front, and interrupted by a white crescent 

 on under eyelid ; rump ami shoulders whitish ; wings and tail black, 

 outer tail feathers with white ; white Iteluw always waved with 

 blackish. L. 'J\. \\.4\. T. 4|. N. N. Am., S. in winter to Ky. 

 and Va. 



950. L. ludovicianua L. Logger-head Shrike. Clear 

 ashy blue ; a whlti.-^li superciliary line ; black bars on sides of head 

 broad, meeting across forehead ; no white on under eyelid ; adults 

 white below, not dark-waved. L. 9. W. 3|. T. 4. S. U. S., the 

 typical variety, S. E., N. to Ohio and Vt. ; a paler form, var. ex- 

 cubitorides Swainson ( White Rumped Shrike), common W., E. to 

 N. Y. Tills has the tail coverts whitish. L. 9. W. 4. T. 4. 

 (Lat., Louisianian.) 



Family CLXXII. VIREONID^. (The Vireos.) 



Primaries 10, or apparently only 9, the first being often rudi- 

 mentary and displaced. Bill shorti'r than head, stout, compressed, 

 decidedly not<'hed and hooked. Rictus with bristles. Nostrils 

 exposed, overhung by a scale, reached by the bristly frontal feath- 

 ers. Tarsus scutellate ; toes soldered at base for the whole length 

 of basal joint of iiiiddle oni', which is unitt'(l with tin- basal joint of 

 the inner and tin- two basal joints of the outer; lateral toes usually 

 unecpial. 



A rather small family, comprising T) genera and tJO to 70 species 

 of small olivaceous birds, all American. They are allied to the 



