PAPILLA OF TOXGUE. 



329 



tudinal folds, which are studded with taste-buds, exists in the human tongue, 

 and is regarded as representing a i^apilla fohata. 



According to Engehnann. each taste-bud is composed of from 15 to 30 cells. 



The taste organs of the Amphibia have been longer recognised. They occur- in 

 the fonn, not of buds but of patches interspersed here and there amongst the 

 ordinary ciliated and columnar epithelium which covers the upper surface and sides 

 of the tongue.* 



Flask-shaped bodies, resembling the taste-buds in structm-e. were long since 

 described by Leydig as occm-iing in fish. They are found both in the skin and in 

 the mucous membrane of the movith, and are believed to be gustatory organs. 



The fungiform papillae, more 

 numerous tlian the last, are small 

 rounded eminences scattered over the 

 middle and fore part of the dorsum of 

 the tongue (fig. '226, 3) ; but they are 

 found in greater numbers and closer 

 together at the apex and near the 

 borders. They are easily distinguished 

 in the living tongue owing to their 

 deep red colour. They are narrow at 

 their point of attachment, but are 

 gradually enlarged towards their free 

 extremities, which OA;v- blunt and 

 rounded (fig. 230). 



The conical and liliforni papiLae 

 are the most numerous of all, as well 

 as the smallest. They are minute, 

 conical, tapering, or cylindrical emi- 

 nences, which are densely set over 

 the greater part of the dorsum of the 

 tongue (fig. 226, 4), but towards the 

 base gradually disappear. They are 

 arranged in lines diverging from the 

 raphe, at first in an oblique direc- 

 tion like the two ranges of the pa- 

 pillae vallate, but gradually becoming 

 transverse towards the tip of the 

 tongue. At the sides they are longer 

 and more slender, and arranged in pa- 

 rallel rows, perpendicular to the border 

 of the tongue. 



The secondary papillae, borne by the 

 filiform, are peculiar both in contain- 

 ing a number of elastic fibres, giving 

 them greater firmness, and in the 

 character of their epithelial covering, 

 which is dense 



Fi?. 230. 



Fig. 230. — Surface and Sectional, 

 VIEW OF A Fungiform Papilla 

 (from KoUiker after Todd and 

 Bowman). 



A, tlie surface of a fungiform 

 papilla partially denuded of its epi- 

 thelium (35 diameters) ; p, secon- 

 darj^ papillaj ; c, epithelium. 



B, section of a fungiform iwpilla 

 with the blood-vessels injected, a, 

 artery ; r, vein ; c, capillary loops 

 of simiile papillte in the neighbour- 

 hood, covered by the epithelium ; d, 

 capillary loops of the secondary pa- 

 pilla ; f, epithelium. 



and imbricated, and 

 forms a separate process over each, greater in length than the papilla 

 Avhich it covers (fig. 231, e, /). Over some of the filiform papilla 

 these processes form a pencil of fine fibres, approaching in some cases 

 in appearance to hairs. 



* Billroth in Archiv f. Anat. u. Pliys. 1S58: Hoyer in the same journal for 1859 : 

 Axel Key, in the same for 1861 : Engelmann in Zeitsch. f. "Wiss. Zool. 1867. 



