dd VENOMS 
(1) Vipera renardi.—Resembles V. berus, but the snout is 
pointed and soft, with a turned-up tip; a single series of scales 
between the eyes and the lips; nostril pierced in the lower halt 
of a single nasal shield; 8—9 supralabial shields; 4 infralabials. 
Body scales in 21 rows ; 130—150 ventrals ; 24—37 subcaudals. 
Coloration the same as in the European JV. ursinii, but the 
snout and lips are spotted with black or brown. 
Total length, 395—620 millimetres ; tail 40—75. 
Habitat : Central Asia, Turkestan. 
(2) V. raddii.—Snout rounded; supraocular shields erectile ; 
eyes surrounded by a complete circle of 14—17 scales; 9—10 
supralabials ; body scales in 23 rows; 150—180 ventrals ; 23—32 
subcaudals. 
Coloration pale brown or grey on the back, with a dorsal series 
of small reddish spots arranged in alternating pairs. A black mark 
like a circumflex accent on the occiput, and a black band behind 
the eyes. Belly yellow, speckled with black and white. 
Total length, 740 millimetres ; tail 50. 
Habitat : Armenia. 
(3) V. lebetina.—Snout rounded and obtuse, with a well-marked 
prominence ; 7—12 longitudinal series of scales between the eyes ; 
supraocular shields well developed or narrow, or broken up into 
several small portions ; 12—18 scales round the eyes; 9—12 supra- 
labials ; 4—5 infralabials ; body scales in 23—27 rows; 147—180 
ventrals ; 29—51 subcaudals. 
Coloration variable, grey or pale brown on the back, with a 
series of large dark spots. Large brown mark like a circumflex 
accent on the crown of the head and another on the occiput. Belly 
whitish, speckled with grey-brown; end of tail yellow. 
Total length, 960 millimetres; tail 120. The female may attain 
the length of 1,350 millimetres. 
Habitat: Cyprus, Galilee, Syria, Asia Minor, Transcaspia, 
Persia, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Cashmir. 
