THE PHYSIOLOGY OF POISONING 183 
In animals which have lived for a long time after being poisoned, 
lesions of the bile-ducts are also found. The epithelial cells have 
undergone fatty degeneration, or else, in the case of small animals, 
the ducts appear infiltrated with small mononuclear cells, which 
penetrate between the epithelial cells of the canaliculi. Sometimes 
also the latter cells are distended, and enclose large vacuoles. 
Venom thus produces in the liver lesions of fatty degeneration, 
or necrosis, and an infiltration of the bile-ducts by lymphatic cells. 
(2) ACTION UPON THE KIDNEY. 
The changes in the kidney are also very extensive. The three 
portions of the glomerulus often exhibit lesions; the vessels of 
the tuft show ectasia; their walls are sometimes ruptured, and 
the blood is extravasated into the capsular cavity. The latter 
is filled with a granular exudation, which varies in amount with 
the slowness of the intoxication. The epithelial lining of Bowman’s 
capsule is swollen ; the nucleus stains badly (Vaillant-Hovius). 
In the twbuli contort: the lesions in the cells greatly resemble 
those seen in the liver. Granulations and vacuoles appear, and 
the nucleus becomes diffuse. The lumens of the tubules are filled 
with necrosed cells, and the branches of Henle are found to be 
similarly obliterated. 
In the straight tubes and in the collecting tubes the epithelium 
is sometimes detached in its entirety. Some of these canals are 
obliterated by granular cylinders or by accumulations of epithelial 
cells. 
The vessels met with in the parenchyma of the kidney are 
always greatly distended, and sometimes they are torn, whence 
there results the formation of small foci of interstitial hemorrhage, 
In many cases the extravasated blood also destroys the parenchyma. 
(3) ACTION UPON THE SPLEEN, HEART, AND Lunes. 
~-In the spleen, Nowak merely found a little fatty degeneration, 
and-only-in cases in which the lesions in the liver and kidneys 
