190 VENOMOUS SNAKES AND THE PHENOMENA OF THEIR VENOMS 
Both sodium citrate and calcium chloride are very effective antihemolytic 
agents against venom. Substituting guinea-pigs’ cells for ox corpuscles, the 
result was the same. 
In the next series of experiments the concentrations of these two chemicals 
were gradually reduced, whereas 0.9 per cent solution of sodium chloride was 
used as diluent. 
TABLE It. 
Mixture =Washed corpuscles of guinea-pig, 1 drop. o.4 per cent 
cobra-venom solution, 0.2 c.c. Fresh guinea-pig serum, 0.35 c.c. 
Amounts of . 
aaiesrclvic Hemolysis produced. 
salt solutions 
added to the 
mixture, making Calcium chloride, Sodium citrate, 
the total 1.5 c.c. 0.8 per cent solution. 2 per cent solution. 
None. 
Complete in 2 hours. 
Complete in 60 min. 
Complete in 40 min. 
Complete in 25 min. 
Complete in 20 min. 
Complete in 4 hours..| Complete in 15 min. 
Complete in 2 hours..| Complete in 15 min. 
Complete in 30 min...| Complete in 15 min. 
Complete in 10 min...| Complete in 10 min. 

It is noteworthy that calcium chloride has a far stronger antihemolytic 
power than sodium citrate and seems to have no relation to the increase of 
tonicity of the mixture. On the other hand, the concentration of sodium 
citrate is quite above its isotonicity in effecting the antihemolytic action of 
this salt, which is isotonic at a concentration of about 1.76 per cent in the 
case of guinea-pig corpuscles. 0.8 per cent solution of calcium chloride is 
here isotonic. 
In a third series of experiments the comparative antihemolytic powers of 
these two chemicals were tested against different venom activators in the 
presence of cobra venom. 
TABLE 12. 
Washed corpuscles of ox, 1 drop. 0.4 per cent cobra-venom solution, o.2 c.c. 

Hemolysis produced. 
Activators 0.2 c.c. each. 
Calcium chloride 0.8 per | Sodium citrate 2 per cent | Sodium chloride 0.9 per cent 
cent solution 1 c.c. solution r c.c. solution 1 c.c. 
N/ 1000 lecithin Complete and prompt | Complete, but with Complete and prompt. 
delay. 
I per cent ovovitellin. .. d Do. 
Heated dog serum .... Do. 
Fresh guinea-pig serum | None ig Complete, but slowly. 
N/tooo sod. oleate .... Complete and fairly 
quick. 
N/tooo neurin oleate . . Do. 
N/1o00o ammon. oleate . Do. 
N/ tooo oleic acid Do. 
No activator None. 

