INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VENOM AND ANTIVENIN 257 
much more marked than the combining property of the venom, although 
both undergo certain inactive modifications. 
In 1903-04 Madsen and Noguchi carried out a large series of experiments 
on the partial-neutralization phenomenon of different venoms and _ their 
specific antivenins, with specific reference to the hemolysis and toxicity. 
CROTALUS-VENOM ANTIVENIN. 
Guinea-pigs were used as test animals; the mixtures were injected intra- 
peritoneally. The venom had the toxicity of 0.0005 gm. = 1 minimal 
lethal dose for guinea-pigs (weight 300 grams) given intraperitoneally. 
0.006 gm. was the amount of venom used for the experiment; 2.2 5 c.c. of the 
antivenin (specific) made this amount non-lethal. Two hours’ standing at 
37° C. was always allowed to the mixtures before injection into the animals. 
The results are given in table 34. Under w are indicated the quantities 
100 




TABLE 35. 
{5 per cent suspension of dog’s blood; x c.c. of 0.05 per cent 
crotalus venom solution + 1 c.c. of crotalusa antivenin 
+ I-C.c. 0.9 per cent NaCl solution.] 
90 


80: 
70 
° 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 
Fic. 11.—Crotalolysin antilysin. Dog’s blood. 
of antivenin added to a constant dose of venom, 0.006 gm., and under 
“‘q observed,” the observed toxicity. These observed values, after allowing 
for errors in experiment, can be expressed by the same formula which repre- 
sents the combinations of toxins and antitoxins of other substances. 
Free toxin Free antitoxin 
volume volume 
In this case: 
I I I I I 1 \% 
x | » q ? (; on q Yo 
2 represents the quantity of antitoxin equivalent to an amount of toxin used, 
= K- Toxin-antitoxin 
and K the constant of dissociation. 
