80 



Greavs, also such compounds as Gravesend, Hargraves (hare), Congreve 

 (Coney or rabbit,) &,c. 



The Hirst is a term synonymous with wood — lience we have 

 Lyndhurst, Brockhurst, &c. 



The Holt was less in sizs than the Hirst, being merely a small thicket 

 or coppice. To it are owing such names as Oakshot, Bagshot, Aldershot, 

 Cockshot, all of which are softened in sound by the elision of the letter 1. 



Shaw, a small woody shade, a covert forming shelter for game and 

 the \vilder animals. Bagshaw signifies the Badger's shaw. We have also 

 Hiudshaw, Eamshaw, Earnshaw (Earn, Eagle), Openshaw, Broadshaw 

 and Shaw. 



The Ben or Deane, a sunken and woody dale affording food and 

 shelter to cattle — Brogden i.e. the Brock or Badgers deane, Eamsden, 

 Hareden, Dearden, Oxenden, Swinden, Ogden, i.e. Hog's den. 



The Ley was pasture land undisturbed by the plough, and afforded 

 pasturage to all manner of domesticated animals and some of the wilder 

 kinds, if we may trust such surnames as Hartley. Oxley, Cowley, Horsley, 

 Eowley, Buckley, Shipley (sheep), Hiiidley and Kinley, — which last is the 

 Kine ley or cow-pasture and which in its turn by the addition of the suffix, 

 side becomes Kiiileyside — then we have Stanley (Stony), Ashley, Elmsley, 

 Oakley, Lindley, Berkley, and Ridley — a name made illustrious in our 

 annals by the old stouthearted martyr, Bishop Ridley, who sprang from a 

 well known Northumberland family of that name. This list might be 

 greatly extended but enough has been said to show what a fertile source of 

 surnames these Local names have been. The roots, Holm, Knoll, Ljaich, 

 Slade, Frith, Kay, Hill, Cliff, Clongh, Cop, Cope, Cob, Down, Dun, Ton, 

 Ham, Combe, Moor, More, Howe, Law, Shore, Over, Hatch, Gore, Gate, 

 Gale, Cross, Rood, Stead, Mead, Croft, Garth, Yard, Hay, Worth, Grange, 

 Field, Barn, Leath, Booth, Bower, Scale, Bold, Thorpe, and Borough have 

 all helped to swell the list of proper names. 



But numerous as these roots are they were not sufficient to supply 

 surnames to each separate famUy. To make a homely illustration of my 

 meaning — all the families living at Crosthwaite, or Thornthwaite, or 



