Rhone, Danube, Elbe, Weser, Oder, are a few examples. Among 

 mountains, the Alps, Apennines, and Caucasus will suffice. With 

 verj'- few exceptions the river-names of Great Britain, Ireland, and 

 the Isle of Man, are Celtic ; the same holds good of the mountains 

 of Scotland and Ireland, and partially so of those of England and 

 the Isle of Man. With respect to the names of the bays, estuaries, 

 headlands, political divisions, towns and villages, the case is 

 somewhat different. As we saw in the case of America, so was it 

 in the British Isles. From time to time our shores were invaded 

 by men of different nations. First the Romans, then the Saxons, 

 now Angles, then Jutes, Danes, Norwegians, and lastly, the 

 Norman — they either slew the people whom they found in 

 possession of the land, or enslaved them, or drove them into 

 their mountain fastnesses. They carved out for themselves new 

 districts, founded new settlements, and gave them names of their 

 own. Thus it is we have to deal with a medley of place-names 

 derived from the languages of the Celt, the Roman, Saxon, Angle, 

 Dane, Norwegian, and Norman. One instance by way of illustra- 

 tion. We know from history that the Danes, after many fierce 

 struggles with their kindred, the Saxons, succeeded in gaining a 

 footing in England. A district on the east coast, extending from 

 the Wash to the Tees, and known as the Danelagh, was assigned 

 to them as a place of settlement. The names of the towns and 

 villages over the whole of that district are, with very few exceptions, 

 of purely Danish type. In Lincolnshire alone there are sixty-three 

 place-names containing the suffix— //;^;;^<?, which is the Danish for 

 village. . . A second instance. Among the sea-faring nations 

 of yore, there were no more adventurous, more skilful, or more 

 hardy sea-rovers than the Norsemen. In the tenth century 

 Norway sent out a colony to Iceland ; Norsemen seized upon and 

 colonised the Shetlands and Orkneys ; they sailed up the North 

 Sea, passed through the Straits of Dover, crossed the Bay of 

 Biscay, and entered the Mediterranean. Norse Vikings harried 

 the Hebrides and the east coast of Ireland ; they seized the Isle 

 of Man, which they erected into a Norse sovereignty, and sailed 

 along the coast of Wales into the Bristol Channel, Wherever they 



