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came, there they left the imprint of the Norse tongue upon the 

 mountains, the headlands, bays, creeks, and coasts. In Pembroke- 

 shire there is still a cluster of Norse names— Milford, Tenby 

 (Danes village), Fishguard, and a score of others. Off the coast 

 of North Wales, "Ormes' Head" is purely Norse. Of the seven- 

 teen parishes into which the Isle of Man is divided, fifteen are 

 distinguished by the term— Kirk; several names of the Manx 

 villages are compounded of a Norse personal name and the suffix 

 —by. There are several "dales," "nesses," or headlands, and 

 "wicks" or bays round the coast. The highest mountain in the 

 Island bears a true Norse name, " Snaefell," i. e. Snowfell. Near 

 Ramsey there is a mountain which, according to train, once bore 

 the name of "Skeafell," i. e. Sky, or Mist Fell; which probably 

 explains the meaning of our Cumberland Scawfell. Among 

 the islands of western Scotland, and on the west coast 

 Itself, Norse place-names still abound ; they run across the north 

 coast, too,— and very singular it seems, at first sight, to find that 

 the most northern county in Scotland should bear the name of 

 Sutherland, or Southland; but this becomes intelligible enough 

 when we find that the Orkneys once formed a Norwegian jarldom, 

 and when we reflect that to people dwelling to the northward, 

 Scotland would as much be a south land as the north coast of 

 Africa is a southern land to Spain. 



Now, these Northmen had a great share in the formation of 

 the present names of places in Cumberland and Westmoreland. 

 Throughout the Lake District proper, these names are almost 

 exclusively either Celtic or Norwegian. The "gills," "hau<^hs," 

 "howes," "thwaites," "forces," "dales," "fells," and "holms," as 

 applied to islands, or rivers, or lakes, are abundant, and they are 

 purely Norse. The swffvx—tkwaite, is found in more than two 

 hundred instances in the two counties; it occurs but once in 

 Northumberland, is altogether unknown in Lincolnshire. The 

 term signifies a clearing. Garth is a common name in the dales. 

 We have Applegarth, Deergarth, Gas or Goosegarth, Gatesgarth, 

 etc.; its kindred terms are garden, yard, orchard, etc. Force is an 

 expressive term for a Waterfall ;— the word had lived among the 



