34 
to the Spade, and not to the Pen. The Stone Age has been 
subdivided into two ages, the earlier or Paleolithic Age, when 
man did not know how to grind or polish a stone, but only how to 
rudely chip it toa sharp edge. The remains of the Paleolithic 
man are found in caves, and in river drift: none have been found in 
this district. Mr. Clifton Ward has mentioned one, a stone celt, as 
found near Keswick ; and the Carlisle Museum has two; but I 
fancy they are most probably unfinished implements of the later 
Stone Age. As to how long it is since the Paleolithic Man lived, 
I decline to go into the question: dates varying from 60,000 years 
ago to 600,000 years ago have been assigned to him: it is main- 
tained by some that a period of glaciers has intervened since he 
roamed about this district. We will to-night have nothing more 
to do with him. He seems to have been clean wiped out, and 
some of the very features of the country completely changed since 
he lived. 
But the Neolithic Man, the man of the later Stone Age, who 
could polish and grind a stone, saw this country much as we see 
it—the position of his graves tells us that. He, too, has left no 
histories behind him; but the Spade in the hands of Sir R. Colt- 
Hoare, of Dr. Thurnam, and of Canon Greenwell, has been the 
key which has unlocked the secrets buried in his graves. The 
researches of Canon Greenwell have been mainly in the Yorkshire 
Wolds, in Durham, Westmorland, Cumberland, and Northumber- 
land. ‘Time forbids me from doing more than giving you the 
results of these researches: for the evidence you must yourselves 
consult the proper works, the chief of which are Zvan’s Ancient 
Stone Implements, Thurnam’s Crania Britannica, and Greenwell 
and Rolleston’s British Barrows. 
The Neolithic Man in these districts was of short stature, 
with a long head (technically called dolicho-cephalic. His facial 
angle, as measured from his skull, and other evidence, afforded by 
it, show him to have probably had a mild and pleasant countenance. 
The remains of the animals on which he lived show that he led a 
pastoral, semi-agricultural existence, eking out his subsistence by 
the chase, rather of birds than bigger animals. He had for domestic 
