37 
red the various pre-historic remains he has found in the Lake 
District—both long and round barrows, huts, and stone circles.* 
Many others exist on the east fells of this County. ‘The Rev. Mr. 
Howchin, of Haltwhistle, has found flint implements in great 
numbers on the fells near Brampton and Haltwhistle. 
More than one wave of these round-heads came in from the 
Continent, landing in Yorkshire, and spreading thence across the 
Wolds. It is probable that some of the later comers brought with 
them the knowledge of iron ; but the Iron Age had hardly begun 
in Britain when the Romans arrived upon the scene, 
With the arrival of the Romans ends the Pre-historic Era, as 
far as we are concerned ; and the Historic Era is one as to which, 
at first, we are but imperfectly informed. We should bear in mind 
that the southern part of England was in a more advanced and 
civilized state than our Hyberborean regions: the south had some 
sort of commerce, and a coinage, which was an imitation of the 
gold Stater of Philip of Macedonia. But no pre-Roman coinage 
has ever been found in the north of England. 
With the advent of the Romans, commences, as I have said, 
the Historic period ; but the histories give us very little 
information as to the people the Romans found in possession. 
A few lines in Tacitus, a few lines in Czxsar, and still fewer 
in Strabo, are all we have to help us, and these passages 
have been tortured and turned about in every possible way 
by the ethnologists. Unfortunately neither Tacitus, nor Strabo, 
nor Czesar ever thought of describing the shapes of the skulls 
of the people the Romans found in Britain, and they have 
thus left ethnologists a very nice nut to crack. I must give you 
rather the results that have been arrived at, than the manner in 
which those results have been arrived at. 
When the Romans arrived in Britain some 1800 years ago, 
they found that it was inhabited by people of two types of 
complexion,—the one fair and the other dark. 
* This map is in the Keswick Museum; see Moles on Archeological 
Remains in the Lake District, by J. Clifton Ward: Transactions of Cumber- 
land and Westmorland Archzological Society, Vol. III., p. 241. 
