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east. These the Professor considers to be separate races of men, 
in the biological sense of the word race. 
The remnants of the dark race—the Melanochroi—are to be 
found in the Basques of Spain, who still speak their original 
language, the Euskarian. The Melanochroi, or dark stock, are 
the long-headed men with the stone weapons, who first inhabited 
this country. The Xanthochroi, or fair stock, are the men with the 
round heads and bronze weapons, who superseded them. They 
together form the Celts, whom the Romans found here. 
To return to the Celts. Of these Celts there were several 
tribes, one of which—the Brigantes—inhabited, probably sparsely, 
the mountainous and woody districts now known as Yorkshire, 
Lancashire, Westmorland, Cumberland, and Northumberland. 
From Cesar we learn that the Britons, of whom the Brigantes 
were a tribe, were little given to cultivating the soil, but lived on 
milk and flesh, and clothed themselves in skins. They stained 
themselves with a blue dye made from woad, to give themselves a 
more terrible appearance in battle; they wore their hair long, and 
shaved all but the upper lip. They are described as being tall 
and stout, but clumsy. They were polygamists ;* were ignorant 
of the use of money ; and wandered to and fro, driving their herds 
and ‘flocks from pasture to pasture, but throwing up temporary 
dwelling places for security for themselves and their cattle. 
To look in modern Cumberland for the cities of the Brigantes 
is waste of time: they probably had no cities, but a few collections 
of miserable wigwams, and no roads but mere forest tracks, In 
fact, they were the fiercest and least civilized of the Celts, 
They are said to have been divided into tribes—the Voluntii, 
the Sestuntii, the Jugantes, and the Cangi—the latter on the Irish 
sea; the Sestuntii in Cumberland and Westmorland ; the Voluntii 
in Lancashire ;—but this is a very obscure point. 
I have endeavoured to tell you who the Romans found in 
possession of Briton, particularly in possession of what is now 
Cumberland and Westmorland. 
I shall not go into the history of the Roman Conquest of 
* Not polyandrists, or polygynists—but both at once. 
