59 
it was, with some English additions, split into the two counties of 
Cumberland and Westmorland. 
As for the inhabitants of Cumberland, Who are they ? 
The pree-Aryan long-headed men, with stone weapons, who 
spoke Euskarian, were superseded by round-headed Aryans, with 
bronze weapons, who spoke Celtic. To them came as conquerors 
the Romans, who for three hundred and fifty years held the land 
in thrall by means of a motley garrison drawn from almost every 
nation known to the ancients, but which has left no trace that 
the ethnologist or the philologist can seize. The works of the 
Romans alone defy the obliterating influence of man. 
Then followed another Aryan invasion—a Teutonic one this 
—the English invasion; then the Danes and the Norsemen. To 
these elements of population there was added in the days of the 
sons of William the Conqueror a Low-Dutch element, English and 
Flemish settlers, and a few great Norman barons. All these later 
settlers and invaders, from the round-headed man with the bronze 
weapons, were of the fair stock, or Xanthochroi. Out of all this 
mixture have come the Cumbrians of to-day. 
Very careful tables have been drawn up by very careful 
observers, as to the proportions in which the dark and fair stocks 
are mixed. I have here one for Cumberland and Westmorland.* 
The town of Cockermouth has only a slight mixture of the 
dark stock ; its index of nigrescence of hair is—1. ‘That of the 
farmers at Carlisle fair is next lowest—1. But the citizens of 
Carlisle are the blackest in the two counties, for their index of 
nigrescence is 11°8. Throughout Cumberland and Westmorland 
the percentage of light eyes is 67 per cent., of intermediate 12 
_ per cent., of dark 21 per cent. 
Ethnologists describe the Cumbrians of to-day as a tall, light- 
-complexioned, long-faced, handsome, but clumsy race, with long 
arms like apes—much given to wrestling. 
But a local judge has said :— 
* From the Crania Britannica, Vol. i: pp. 215, et seq. 
