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is called the Teutonic element in our race, largely intermingling 
with our native stock ; and then, and especially at the period of 
which we are speaking now, we find another body of strangers 
invading the district and settling in it, it would seem, in consider- 
able numbers—I mean the Danes and Norse, belonging to the Scan- 
dinavian races, from the north of Europe—the great free-booters 
of the time, whose name was known and feared on every coast. 
In 875 the Danes took and destroyed Carlisle; and though the 
history of their battles is dim and dark and vague, as all history 
is in such early days, yet they have left behind them their mark in 
characters which none can dispute, in the names of many localities 
on the Borders, and the language of those who dwell there. And 
if we may believe Mr. Worsaz, in his Danes in England, it is not 
only in these respects that the connection may be noted, but in our 
personal appearance too. . “In the northern parts of England,” he 
says, “I saw, and especially in the rural districts, faces exactly 
resembling those at home. Had I met the same persons in 
Denmark or in Norway, it would never have entered my mind 
that they were foreigners.” However this may be, nothing 
certainly is more sure, than that in the names of the localities we 
know so well to-day, we have the traces of the different peoples 
who, at one time or another, have been here, and amongst 
them of the Danes. As we might almost expect, the names of 
some of the most marked objects in our scenery, of our principal 
rivers, of our chiefest town, of our highest hills, take us back to the 
old British period, and the original dwellers on the soil. To them 
belong Annan, and Esk, and Lyne, and Eden, and Caldew, among 
our streams; the Cheviots among our hills; and Carlisle of our larger 
towns. Car in Carlisle, is said to be Caer, a fort ; and is found also 
in the family name of Kerr, or Carr—one of the few that can be 
referred to British origin. But then we have alsomany names and 
_ words in use which remind of the Anglo Saxon element in our 
composition. The very common suffix, 4on—a town, as you have 
it in so many of our villages—-this is one of its contributions to the 
nomenclature of the district. And to the same source we owe such 
words as /ee, for a plain—croft—water—ford—cleugh, a rugged 
