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copyhold tenures, or tenure by copy of court roll; whereas 
privileged villenage, sometimes called ‘‘villein socage,” was a 
_higher species of copyhold, held according to custom, and not 
according to the mere will of the lord. To this latter tenure 
(villein socage) the lands of the manors we are interested in belong. 
In a manor the lord kept so much of the land in his own occu- 
pation as was necessary for the use of his family, distributing the 
remainder among sundry tenants, who held it by one of two 
different tenures, one called bookland (the origin probably of 
customary freeholds), which was held by deeds and certain rents 
and free services, and the other folkland (from which copyhold 
sprang), not held by deed, but distributed among the common 
people at the lord’s pleasure, who might resume occupation of such 
lands whenever he chose to do so. The tenants were serfs and 
villeins, and the females neifes. They are said at one time to have 
been as much slaves as the Spartan helots, the boors of Denmark, 
or the traals of Sweden. 
MANORIAL RIGHTS AND COURTS. 
The two material incidents of a manor were demesne and 
services. Some parts of the manor remained uncultivated, and 
were called the lord’s waste, and were common both to the lord 
and tenants, as we still find in the extensive commons which 
surround the enclosed lands in this neighbourhood. The lord of 
a manor was also empowered to hold a court called a Court Baron. 
This court is said by some authorities to be an inseparable 
ingredient of a manor, and in each of the manors that are the 
subjects of this paper, we find one held. The Courts Baron for the 
Manor of Hawkshead are held regularly once a year, in the month 
of November; but I am sorry to say those of the Marquis and 
Richmond Fees are held very irregularly. At the Court Baron the 
tenants pay their rents and fines, present their deeds, and obtain 
their admittances, and have the evidence of their title to their lands 
entered upon the rolls of the Court. A Court Leet was the King’s 
Court granted by charter to the lords of certain hundreds and 
manors, but not, like the Court Baron, an inseparable incident of 
