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and Gambetta’s imperturbable soul incessantly organised new 
armies for the deliverence of the besieged capital. So also are we 
taught by philosophical experiment on beheaded frogs and insects, 
that, in spite of the severance of the brain, the soul-life in the 
remaining parts of the body can still subsist for some long time. 
Only the unity of the central guidance of the whole is overthrown; 
only the highest soul-actions—understanding and consciousness— 
are thereby wholly or in part abolished; other actions still continue. 
If we place a drop of corrosive acid on the skin of the beheaded 
frog, at once it wipes it quickly off, as if it still possessed a head ; 
or if we hold a beheaded beetle fast by one leg, at once it endeav- 
ours with the other five to make its escape, as hastily and readily 
as if it had not lost its brain. Sense-activity and perception, will 
and muscle-movement, thus continue for some long time after the 
brain has been removed. All that has been lost with the latter is 
the unity of consciousness—the central government. We must 
therefore distinguish carefully between this conscious central-soul 
of the many-celled animal, and the individual soul of its countless 
cells ; the latter are in truth subordinates to the former, but remain 
ever to a certain extent independent. 
The organ of the central-soul is the whole of the sou/-cells 
collectively, the ganglion-cells of the brain; the organ of each 
individual cell-soul, on the other hand, is the body of the cell 
itself—protoplasm and cell-kernel, or some part thereof. 
LH; 
For comparing the lower and higher steps of development of 
the soul-life there is perhaps, after the mammals, no class of animals 
of such importance as that of zwsects. For albeit all the countless 
different sorts of insects exhibit only an endless variation of a single 
original theme ; albeit the modern theory of development accord- 
ingly derives all butterflies and beetles, all flies and bees, all hymen- 
optera, neuroptera, &c., from a single common root-form ; never- 
theless, the diversities in the development of their soul-activities 
is quite extraordinarily great. The well-known contrasts between 
the stupid goose and the sagacious falcon (hawk?), between the 
