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stolid rhinoceros and the clever elephant, appear of no importance in 
comparison with the tremendous differences which the soul-activities 
of the various insects present tous. On one side many of the 
inferior insects, e.g. plant-lice, cochineal-insects, bugs, and especially 
parasitical insects of various kinds, stand on a very low step of the 
ladder of cultivation, not rising above that of most of the worms: 
eating and drinking being their only need. On the other side, the 
higher sorts, and above all the social insects—the bees and wasps, 
the ants and termites, that form themselves into regular states or 
societies—rise to a height in the mind-activity which admits only of 
comparison with the state-forming peoples of civilisation. The 
wonderful division of labour, especially among ants, leads to the 
separation of their states into various parts, the subjects of which 
are distinguished by special tokens and peculiarities. There have 
we to distinguish not only males and females, but also soldiers and 
workers, farmers and labourers, rulers and slaves. Their agricul- 
tural and gardening activity is not contented with carefully collecting 
provisions and the preservation of nutriment, but rises even to actual 
culture of vegetables, and to the careful breeding of their milch-kine, 
the aphides or plant-lice, whose sweet honey-sap they suck. Not 
less worthy of wonder is the architectural talent of ants and termites 
which appears in the planning of their magnificent palaces, with 
thousands of halls and chambers, corridors and staircases, doors 
and windows. Nor in these arts of peace do they forget the duty of 
the rough art of war, and the military talent with which contending 
armies of ants at this very day seek to circumvent or to surround 
one another, shows very significantly that they too are children of 
the nineteenth century. In one sort of ants in S. America indeed, 
there has even been developed from the excessive use of weapons, 
an exclusive military espvit, which has led_to the entire giving up 
of the early peaceful occupations, and to the robber-life of hordes 
of Circassians. Lastly, let us not forget that even the institution 
of slavery, which belongs to human civilisation, has been practised 
already longer by the ants than by our own highly constituted and 
feudally organised race. There are ant-states which carry on a 
regular rearing of slaves, which rob other sorts of their young and 
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