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speak, the pieces of rock, as soon as they are loosened by blasting, 
fall towards you; but in working down-hill, that is with the beds 
of rock dipping from you, a great amount of levering is frequently 
required to throw the stones down, after they have actually been 
separated from the parent rock by gunpowder. So in the oper- 
ations of denudation—which is a species of quarrying by inanimate 
agents—the rock on the east side of a north and south valley being 
to the rise, is more easily denuded than that on the west side, 
which is to the dip. Hence the east side of such a valley is, in 
any given time, worn further back, and consequently is flatter than 
the west side. The influence of dip on the outline of a district 
may be very clearly seen in looking at the mountain of Grassmoor 
from about the centre of Crummock Lake. The rocks there dip 
eastward, and the slope of the east side of the mountain corresponds 
with the dip, and is comparatively regular; but the west side, 
where the ends of the strata crop out, has quite a jagged appear- 
ance. The same connection between dip and profile may be seen 
at Pardshaw Crag. 
Some of you in your visits to Eskdale, I have no doubt, will 
have noticed the hummocky nature of the granite which abounds 
there. From what has gone before, it might have been expected 
that the hills formed of this rock would have approached somewhat 
in outline those consisting of Skiddaw Slate, or any other homo- 
geneous rock ; but it is not so, and the reason for the difference is 
found on examination. ‘Through the gaps between the hummocks — 
we are almost sure, on inspection, to find traces of a mineral vein, 
or of a strong joint, it may be a fault; but from the homogeneous 
nature of the rock, this cannot be determined. Now it is well 
known that the rock adjacent to a mineral vein is often much 
softer than that further away. This is also frequently the case 
with the rock near a large joint. Especially is it so in the Esk- 
dale Granite, the rock near both mineral veins and joints being 
much softer than that farther off; and that is why the hills at those 
points where either mineral veins or strong joints exist, have been 
farther denuded than at more distant points; and it is the reason 
too for the hills formed of Eskdale Granite having such a hum- 
