2 
Ir will be seen from an inspection of the accompanying map 
(pl. 1) that the Red Rocks of Cumberland and Westmorland 
occur chiefly in the lowlands on the margin of the Lake District. 
The largest area borders the River Eden, and its estuary the 
Solway ; another smaller remnant occurs in maritime West Cum- 
berland ; while to the south of the Lake District occur a few small 
patches, left here and there in the low grounds. In each district 
referred to the dip of these rocks is outward from the Lake District 
uplands, and the angle of inclination is, almost without exception, 
greater than the general rise of the slope behind them. These 
marginal fragments may, therefore, be regarded as the remains of 
an irregular dome, whose more-elevated central parts have been 
removed by denudation. 
The two best-known members of the series are—(1) the Penrith 
Sandstone, which occurs below the horizon of the Magnesian 
Limestone, and (2) the St. Bees Sandstone, which lies above it. 
The very existence here of any other members of the series appears 
to be quite unknown to many geologists. The highest beds of the 
New Red Series in this part of England occur in association with 
the Lias outlier preserved along a W.S.W. synclinal a short distance 
to the west of Carlisle. The general relationship of the strata in 
this neighbourhood has been ably described by my friend and 
former colleague, Mr. T. V. Holmes (Q.J.G.S., and Proc. Geol. 
Association), who mapped the neighbourhood of Carlisle for the 
Geological Survey. (It is right to mention that Mr. Holmes does 
not yet see his way to accepting some of the interpretations of his 
work published by the Survey, and embodied in this paper). 
Another zone of beds high in the series occurs_on the north-east 
side of the Eden, close to the Outer Pennine Fault, between 
Ousby and Castle Carrock. In the present connection, as will be 
shewn below, this zone is of considerable stratigraphical importance. 
Hitherto it has not been noticed in any publication. A third 
remnant, equally important in some respects, occurs in the 
Furness District, where the highest sandstones (St. Bees Sand- 
stones) have been proved by borings to be of great thickness, and 
