SEE aS 
9 
the Outer Pennine Fault, there exists one or two synclinals within 
which have been preserved the highest strata belonging to the New 
Red Series occurring on the Appleby side of the Maryport Fault 
These highest beds are well seen here and there between Ousby 
and Castle Carrock, and are especially well displayed in the higher 
parts of Ravenbeck, at Renwick. (See map, pl. 1.) They con- 
sist of bright tile red sandstones, which tend to pass within short 
distances, into dull red, ochreous, or white, sandstones. No one 
fresh from the study of the Kirklinton Sandstones could fail to be 
struck by the closeness of the resemblance between the two—a 
resemblance in fact, which amounts, in my mind, to absolute 
identity. From these highest zones of bright red colour, the down- 
ward succession can be traced in Ravenbeck almost without a 
‘ break, for well on to two thousand feet. In the higher part of the 
stream, around Renwick, Kirklinton Sandstone (as I shall name 
that local development of it) is seen to graduate downward into 
typical St. Bees Sandstone. Bed after bed of this rises as the 
exposure is followed westward, until we reach the horizon of the 
highest beds left at St. Bees Head. Then, as the traverse is con- 
tinued some distance further in the same direction, the sandstones 
begin to graduate into flagstones, the flagstones begin to be inter- 
bedded with shales, and finally the whole sandstone group graduates 
imperceptibly downward into a series of red marls or shales, from 
the lower beds of which the gypsum, so extensively wrought in that 
neighbourhood, is obtained. The thickness of the shale may be 
estimated at about three hundred feet. Here, and in this neigh- 
bourhood, generally, these gypsiferous marls lie directly upon the 
Penrith Sandstone—the Magnesian Limestone Series, which occurs 
in the areas to the west, and again to the south-east, being here 
entirely absent. 
The section at Raven Beck is typical for the neighbourhood. 
What we learn from a study of it is this: the St. Bees Sandstone 
and the marls at its base form the natural downward continuation 
of the bright tile-red sandstones seen at Renwick. These tile-red 
sandstones must belong to an horizon either at the top of the 
St. Bees Sandstone, or else must be very near it. If they are not 
