21 
deposition in water averaging a greater depth, went on, and in this 
the Keuper Marls, with their rock salt, gypsum, and dolomite were 
deposited. Finally, the irregular subsidence, which served to 
maintain lacustrine conditions throughout so long a period, gave 
place to a uniform general depression of the surface over large 
areas, the sea gained admittance and the marine deposits of the 
Rheetic and the succeeding Jurassic period were spread out over 
the great pile of lacustrine and lagoon strata, whose history is here 
noticed. 
LATER CHANGES. 
I have repeatedly expressed an opinion that, at least the highest 
members of the New Red Series were deposited continuously 
over what are now the upland areas of Cumberland and Westmor- 
land. Traces of the characteristic infiltrations derived from the 
New Red occur abundantly all over the mountain tops. Carbon- 
iferous sandstones are stained red and purple, the limestones are 
irregularly dolomitized, and, in part, many of the calcareous 
deposits are altered more or less into hematite. This replacement 
of calcareous matter by hematite has affected not only limestone 
strata, as at Cleator, but also veins of calcite, as at Knock Murton 
and Kelton Fell, and even limestone fragments included in the 
New Red breccias have been replaced by hematite by the same 
agency. Such phenomena are distinctly traceable to the perco- 
lation of water charged with magnesia, iron, etc., derived from the 
New Red, and are found (as, for example, in Fife and the Lothians) 
where the New Red strata have long been denuded away, just as 
much as they are within a yard of their present outcrop. 
The first upheaval throwing these New Red Rocks into domes 
in Cumberland and Westmorland happened between the close of 
the Jurassic period and the commencement of the Upper Cre- 
taceous. About that time subaerial denudation had re-exposed 
much of the New Red, which, however, was soon afterwards 
submerged beneath the deep sea of Upper Cretaceous times, and 
was buried for long ages beneath a pile of oceanic deposits. 
Later upheavals, and subsequent denudations, commencing in 
