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has nearly attained its full size it feeds on the pips of the 

 apple, which, thus attacked in its most vital part, soon falls 

 to the gronnd. On the fall of the apple the grub quits the 

 fruit by the passage m hich it has previously gnawed. A 

 hundred fallen apples may be opened and not more than 

 two or three grubs found within them : the orifice by which 

 they have escaped being open and no longer concealed by 

 the little mass of brown grains, which is the case with 

 those apples from which the grub has not made its escape. 

 These little grains are the excrement of the grub. On 

 leaving the apple after its fall the grub or caterpillar 

 wanders about the ground till it finds the stem of a tree, 

 up which it climbs, and hides itself in some small crack in 

 the bark. It gnaws away the bark a little, and having 

 made a smooth chamber, spins a little milk-white silken 

 case, in which, after a few weeks, it becomes a chrysalis 

 In this state it remains through the winter, and, in the 

 northern hemisphere, till the following June; — In Tas- 

 mania, probably till the end of November, and is to be 

 seen early in December hovering round the apples on a 

 midsummer evening The exit of the grub and its wand- 

 ering to a place of safety are said usually to take place in. 

 the night. It is evident from the habits of the insects that 

 their destruction is attended with great difficulties. The 

 presence of the grub in the fruit is unknown till the little 

 brown excrementitious grains appear on the exterior of the 

 apple, at the orifice of the tunnel which the grub bores 

 from the core through the pulp to the surface, and the mis- 

 chief is then accomplished. The small size of the moth, 

 its nocturnal habits, and its practice of secreting itself in 

 crevices of the bark render its destruction most difficult. 

 The only known means of preventing the spread of this 

 pest appear to be — 1 . To gather up the worm-eaten fruit as 

 soon as it falls, and before the grul3 has escaped, care being 

 taken to destroy the grub, as by putting the apples into 

 water, boiling them for pigs' food, or burying them. 2. 

 To destroy the cocoons in autumn and winter. 3. To light 

 fires in the orchard on midsummer evenings, by which the 

 moths are attracted and destroyed. In some parts of 

 America the cuttings are saved when pruning the trees, in 

 order to make fires in the June evenings to destroy these 

 moths. 4. To preserve all insect-destroying birds, especi- 

 ally night-feeding birds, Avhich are peculiarly harmless, and 

 also peculiarly serviceable to man. 



