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remains of its former extent represented by the scars on each side, 
occur in the same way in relation to a wide-spread series of alluvial 
flats extending above that point to near Winton, as this Eden Lacy 
rock barrier spans the Eden here and terminates the alluvial flat 
before us. That the Eden at Appleby Castle, at no very remote 
period, flowed at a much higher level than it now does is rendered 
tolerably evident by the occurrence, in the scar below the Castle, 
of vestiges of great pot-holes, exactly like the pot-holes that the 
Carlisle Society examined under my guidance a year or two ago in 
the course of the Ive below Highet Castle. These Appleby pot- 
holes were formed, beyond a doubt, in precisely the same way as 
those were. 
Turning our attention again in the direction of Carlisle, we find 
that the rock-barrier at Force Mill gradually falls in elevation, as 
it is traced towards the north-west ; so that within a few hundred 
yards of this point we again enter upon another wide alluvial tract, 
extending past Lazonby to just below Kirkoswald, where yet 
another rock barrier rises, and is continued past Nunnery Walks, 
Sampson’s Caves, and the beautiful scenery that adorns that part 
of the Eden, thence as far as Armathwaite. 
We have thus evidence of at least three lakes, which once formed a 
chain extending along what is now the course of the Eden, from Kirk- 
oswald to Lacy Caves; from Force Mill to Appleby; from Clint Scar 
up to Winton; and thus rivalling in extent, if not in the grandeur and 
beauty of their surroundings, with any of the lakes that can be shown 
to have existed at any former times within the Lake District itself. 
What has happened in these cases, as in so many others, is that 
what was originally a rock-basin filled from end to end with clear 
water, has gradually been drained by the lowering of the outlet ; 
while the rivers flowing into it have carried down, and spread out 
beneath the waters of the lake, the detrital matter they have trans- 
ported from the higher parts of their respective drainage areas. 
This detrital matter is now the alluvium. 
In the case of very large lakes the amount of sediment accumu- 
lated in this way, represents nearly the whole of the waste that has 
been stripped off the surface of the part above the point where the 
