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Mere (as for convenience of reference I shall venture to call it)— 
it is tolerably clear that the rock basin must have been in existence 
at the close of the Glacial Period. Langanby Mere, however, did 
not, by any means, present the same appearance at that time that 
it did at a later time ; for there is evidence that soon after the close 
of the Glacial Period the waters of this Mere stood at a higher level 
by thirty feet, or more, than the level of the present alluvium. Here 
and there, all the way down the valley to near Kirkoswald, occur 
terraces that, to my mind, have clearly been formed along the 
margin ofthe old Mere; and the loam and sand composing these 
old terraces shows, in places, the most evident signs of the action 
of floating ice. Similar appearances are very common, in fact, are 
general, all over the higher lying terrace deposits of the rivers in the 
South of England.* These signs of glacial action consist of strange 
contortions of the beds of loam and sand, of exactly the same nature 
as would result from the bumping of large masses of floating ice 
against the soft sediment accumulating beneath the waters of the 
lake, and the consequent kneading of these soft masses into a con- 
fused mixture of sand, gravel, and loam. Now the drift occupying 
the bottom of the rock basin of this Langanby Mere contains a very 
large percentage of boulders, whose sources can be traced from the 
lower parts of Edenside, from the Lake District, and from Scotland. 
I want to call particular attention to this evidence of the transportal 
of boulders up the valley—from the low grounds towards the head 
of the valley, and over it into Yorkshire, because other people with 
whose theories this fact did not happen to agree, have hitherto 
persisted in ignoring it entirely. This upward transportal of drift 
must have taken place under very exceptional conditions, which it 
would take too much time at the present for me to discuss in detail. 
But, in brief, I may state that we have evidence, and what many of 
us consider very good evidence, too, of the former presence of a 
great mass of land ice, quite two thousand feet in thickness at our 
present standing place, which moved up the valley from the low 
ground of the Solway, in one direction over the Bewcastle Fells, 
into the valley of the Tyne, and in the other direction—that is to 
* Proc. Geol. Association, vol. ix., No. 3. 
