52 
V. officinalis, also a swamp-loving plant, approaches the coast; I 
gathered very luxuriant specimens on the seaside rocks near Har- 
rington in 1888. Vaderianelia olitoria, cultivated in former times 
as a salad herb, under the name of “Lamb’s Lettuce,” appears 
plentifully on dry banks in the neighbourhood of Bowness and 
elsewhere ; its early maturity is leading to its re-introduction to 
garden culture in some parts of the kingdom. 
DIPSACE&. 
Scabiosa succisa is everywhere present in moist meadow and 
pasture ground. .S. arvensis, plentiful on dry banks among sand 
or gravel, particularly in the neighbourhood of Whitehaven, where 
its large lilac flowers are very showy. Mr. Duckworth tells that at 
an exhibition of wild flowers its introduction into a child’s bouquet 
led to disqualification, on the ground of its being a garden plant. 
ComMPposIT&. 
Carduus tenuifiorus, has grown in patches during several seasons 
on a railway embankment leading to the Senhouse Dock at Mary- 
port ; also observed at Silloth by Miss Glaister of Black Dyke. 
C. nutans, reported from Silloth both by Miss Glaister and Dr. 
Leitch ; other stations are assigned for this species, none of which 
are sufficiently near the coast to merit a place here. C. erispus, 
a very abundant species confined to light friable soils, on rubbish 
heaps and hedgebanks, and seldom found in ground under tillage ; 
at Workington, Flimby, Silloth, &c. C. danceolatus is but too well 
known as the Burr Thistle. C. palustris, frequently found with 
white flowers, is rarely absent from ancient meadows, especially 
where moisture is prevalent. C. arvensis is, however, the greatest 
pest to the agriculturist, being well nigh ubiquitous, and difficult to 
eradicate. Arctium lappa; the singularly hooked heads of the 
Burdock are familiar to every mischievous little urchin. Centaurea 
nigra, the ‘‘Horse-knops” of local farmers, is another well-known 
form of plant life. C. cyanus has been found on the bailast heaps 
at Maryport, associated with C. melitensis and C. calocephala, both 
of foreign origin, and probably introduced with grain cargoes ; the 
